History Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History Today - Essay Example The causal ordering follows to provide modal categories for the factual propositions. In this system the logical contradiction is resolved by ordering the factual propositions. These will be according to the causal categories. 1 The counterfactual cause involves the unconventional views from the point of Niall Ferguson a Scottish Historian. These views are regarding the imperialism and the origins of conflict in the twentieth century. He is a specialist in financial and economic history. His recent publication is ‘The War of the World† in 2006. He has become historian inspired by AJP Taylor. Ferguson’s significance lies in his well versed nature in economic matters as he was in history matters. He wrote a book named cash nexus arguing that the money makes the world go around is wrong and proved that the human actins are more important for history to go around. He feels that the US is not sufficiently in the affairs of the world. In his books Colossus and Empire, he shows potential virtues of US when compared to British Empire. He also analyzed the World War I that generated much controversy. In that he suggested that it could have been more beneficial to Europe if Britain has stayed out o f the war by Germany making a win. 2 2.1Fergusson’s Significance: He is considered as a leading champion of counterfactual history that involves the counterfactual cause. It is because he likes to imagine alternative outcomes as a way of stressing the contingency aspects in the history. According to his counterfactual causal analysis of history, the great forces are not only responsible for the history and in fact the individual’s doings pre determine the course of history. He argues that the world is neither progressing nor regressing. His view is that the actions of individuals will determine the better or worse world. His book the war of the world explains the violent 20th century. According to his argument the economic volatility, ethnic

Compare the theme of outsiders in Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Compare the theme of outsiders in Frankenstein Essay D, so he wanted to join the terrorist group to seek revenge. In this respect Daz is similar to the monster, they are both willing to commit heinous crimes for vengeance. Del thats my brovver thay catch im raiding wiv Dred. Top him dont thay. This quote shows how Dazs brother was killing in a raid with Dred. After the night in the Blue Moon where he saved Zoe and her friends, Daz finds himself an outcast from two societies. He was still physically a chippy, which means he is not allowed in Silverdale; however, he helped out the enemy subbies which make him not an accepted chippy. After Daz and Zoe they contact each other through letters and finally when they meet, the reader recognise that Daz does not want to be a chippy. Throughout this novel we are constantly reminded of this forbidden love. I seen this Subby girl, our mam. Forget her, Daz. Not easy, our mam. Not easy. Daz is given a negative response from his mum, when he explains that he has met Zoe. However, once Daz meets Zoe he realises he does not want to be an outsider any longer, Dazs priorities and views of subbies change. Like Victor, Daz is very determined; he takes a lot of risks for Zoe and to make his life better. It appears to the reader that Zoe has the perfect life, money, nice houses, cars and good facilities. However it becomes evermore clear that Zoe feels trapped and unhappy. Zoe is an outsider because after she meets Daz, Silverdale citizens see her as a chippy lover. Thats why we have fences and lights and guards some kids get fed up being cooped up a suburbs a pretty nice place but any place with a fence aroundll get to you, eventually. This quote shows the reader how a Subby teenager can become fed up with the enclosed lifestyle. Zoe feels this because she is brainwashed into believing her existence is happy and enjoyable. Similar to Daz, when the two forbidden lovers meet her priorities changes. Zoe the loyal and hard working daughter rebels against her parents old fashioned and single minded views. Unlike Daz, Zoe is an outsider by choice. Her easiest option could have been to lead a normal life as a young, well-educated Silverdale resident. Nevertheless, Zoe decides to leave the suburb and live in the city, choosing to become an outsider from two societies. Zoe chooses to be an outsider and is similar to Victor; she sees that defending things that are important to her holds great risks. For the first time I contemplated the enormity of the step I had just taken This quote shows how Zoe realises that she has left her Subby life to live in the city; this is the first physical sign of her becoming an outsider. In Daz 4 Zoe Zoes Grandmother is not an obvious outsider. To begin with Grandma is not a visible outsider, although later we go on to find she is the founder of the illegitimate organisation. She is very similar to Robert Walton as they are both outsiders in their thoughts and views, however they are not outcasts. Grandma was part of an underground outfit called F. A. I. R, which stands for Fraternal Alliance for Integration through Reunification. Resembling Victor, Robert Walton and Zoe, she is an outsider through choice and these views influence Zoe. Daz 4 Zoe and Frankenstein both discuss outsiders in society, and how people can be born outcasts and how others chose to be secluded from society because of their ambitions, beliefs or interests. We read how Daz and the Monster we forced into seclusion, isolated from society. Also how Zoe, Victor, Grandma and Robert Walton choose to live their lives dangerously and even unhappily because of their thoughts. The nineteenth century literature and the contemporary novel are relevant to todays society. In the present culture we have different castes, religions, races even different accents, Daz 4 Zoe shows an extreme version of abused power and prejudice. Due to advances in medical science in the present day limbs can be sewn on, body parts reshaped new skin tissue be formed. Frankenstein again shows excessive power, since the novel was written we have had cloning and artificial body parts The two novels both are severe results of social issues we have today. I feel the moral of the two novels combined is that with no action, modern society could find themselves in these difficult situations. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Great Depression Essay -- American History Economy Economics Essays

Great Depression In the United States between 1929 and 1933, one hundred thousand businesses were unsuccessful. Corporate profits plummeted by nine billion dollars. Americans’ deposits were vanishing behind the closed doors of the banks. At the beginning of 1930 those without jobs totaled four million; however, by the end of 1930 that number had rose to six million (Norton 696). All of these events characterizing the Great Depression were occurring during the Herbert Hoover administration. From 1929 until his election loss in 1933, Hoover was â€Å"presiding over a gloomy and sometimes angry nation† (696). While Hoover seemed like an excellent candidate for the leadership of America, it was unknown at the time that he couldn’t offer the right leadership at the right time for the United States. America was diminishing and the country needed a leader who could pull the people out of this recession. â€Å"A new deal† needed to happen with a new president. The depress ion and its’ characteristics helped to define the deal that Americans would receive in 1933 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. As the Great Depression grew deeper necessities became luxuries. Millions of Americans were freezing in addition to hungry and sick. Fuel was unattainable because it was unaffordable. Soup kitchens and bread lines became popular for many families in the United States. The homeless Americans crafted together small box towns called Hoovervilles (698). These â€Å"houses† were created out of anything from egg crates to boards, bricks, and dirt. In 1929 a total of 659 banks around America closed their doors. By 1930 the number had leaped to a surprising 1,350. In 1931 alone 2,293 banks went under while another 1,453 quit doing business. Money was... ...oducers on the top. The only difference is that instead of pumping the money to the producers first, it is pumped to the consumers. That way there is a reason to have production and the people have money to buy what the producers made (Manzione). This theory did not solve the Great Depression but it alleviated the symptoms. â€Å"The New Deal as a whole managed to do two major things: keep the country unified and coherent and to preserve the United States’ infrastructure† (Manzione). Roosevelt’s New Deal changed the political ideology forever. Some scholars even argue that there are two periods of government in America: pre-Roosevelt and post-Roosevelt. Whether they are right or wrong, it is inarguable that the New Deal did what it was supposed to do which was treat the symptoms of the Great Depression, which could not be solved until the onset of World War II. Great Depression Essay -- American History Economy Economics Essays Great Depression In the United States between 1929 and 1933, one hundred thousand businesses were unsuccessful. Corporate profits plummeted by nine billion dollars. Americans’ deposits were vanishing behind the closed doors of the banks. At the beginning of 1930 those without jobs totaled four million; however, by the end of 1930 that number had rose to six million (Norton 696). All of these events characterizing the Great Depression were occurring during the Herbert Hoover administration. From 1929 until his election loss in 1933, Hoover was â€Å"presiding over a gloomy and sometimes angry nation† (696). While Hoover seemed like an excellent candidate for the leadership of America, it was unknown at the time that he couldn’t offer the right leadership at the right time for the United States. America was diminishing and the country needed a leader who could pull the people out of this recession. â€Å"A new deal† needed to happen with a new president. The depress ion and its’ characteristics helped to define the deal that Americans would receive in 1933 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. As the Great Depression grew deeper necessities became luxuries. Millions of Americans were freezing in addition to hungry and sick. Fuel was unattainable because it was unaffordable. Soup kitchens and bread lines became popular for many families in the United States. The homeless Americans crafted together small box towns called Hoovervilles (698). These â€Å"houses† were created out of anything from egg crates to boards, bricks, and dirt. In 1929 a total of 659 banks around America closed their doors. By 1930 the number had leaped to a surprising 1,350. In 1931 alone 2,293 banks went under while another 1,453 quit doing business. Money was... ...oducers on the top. The only difference is that instead of pumping the money to the producers first, it is pumped to the consumers. That way there is a reason to have production and the people have money to buy what the producers made (Manzione). This theory did not solve the Great Depression but it alleviated the symptoms. â€Å"The New Deal as a whole managed to do two major things: keep the country unified and coherent and to preserve the United States’ infrastructure† (Manzione). Roosevelt’s New Deal changed the political ideology forever. Some scholars even argue that there are two periods of government in America: pre-Roosevelt and post-Roosevelt. Whether they are right or wrong, it is inarguable that the New Deal did what it was supposed to do which was treat the symptoms of the Great Depression, which could not be solved until the onset of World War II.

The Pearl

Assignment 1 † Money is the root of all evil†. To what extend is this one of the themes of the novel you studied. The Pearl by John Steinbeck – The theme of Greed Nurain Ariff This theme emerges the moment the people of La Paz get to know about Kino's pearl and we begin to see changes in the characters. All of them have their own selfish schemes when they learn about Kino's pearl. When they know that Kino has the pearl the village of La Paz is alive with avarice. Everyone wants something from Kino. Everyone was affected and wanted something from the pearl.Kino was the only one in the way. The doctor wanted money for â€Å"curing† the child. The priest wanted money to fix the church. The shopkeepers, the pearl buyers, and the rest of the town wanted money for their own purposes. The pearl was a poison that ruined many good people and made the evil people worst. The doctor is pure evil. He would not treat Kino's baby because Kino had nothing to pay him with. W hen the doctor heard of Kino's sudden wealth, he said Kino was his client. As he visualized life back in Paris all he could think of was getting enough money to be able to go back again.When he went to see Kino, he even made up a fake symptom of death to scare Kino into letting him â€Å"treat† the baby. Instead, he poisoned the baby and cured him of the poison he had given the baby himself. This horrible doctor is filled with avarice. He did not care who he had to harm to get more money. All he cares about is money. The priest wanted money to fix the church. Even the priest, a person who is highly regarded in the community, has some plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pearl. It is only after this that he thinks how the pearl will affect Kino's personal life.The priest is nearly as bad as the doctor. He also wanted money from Kino. He thinks  of certain repairs necessary for the church. He wondered what the pearl would be worth. And he wondered if he had bapt ized Kino’s baby, or married him for that matter. He thought if he did these things he was more likely to get money to fix the church. The priest calls on Kino and his family. He reminds them that they should show their gratitude to God for this unexpected gain and to pray for guidance in the future. Juana agrees and says that they will be married in the church.The priest is also a horrid person; he is supposed to be a holy figure, but he was poisoned by the thought of riches. These hopes caused him to lie. The new riches also affected the townspeople. The shop keepers hear about Kino's wealth and hope to sell their clothes. They knew that an indigent man that becomes rich by luck knows how it feels to be poor. Therefore, they would get money too. The pearl buyers were also full of avarice for the pearl. They wanted to buy the pearl for a very low price so they were cheating Kino. They hoped that if they bought the pearl, the boss would promote them and they would make more m oney.Everyone wanted something from the pearl. Kino became the whole town's enemy because of that. The effects of greed  after Kino finds the pearl are he learns how far others will go, including committing murder to gain wealth and the power that it brings. All those who hear about the pearl, even his neighbours  Ã¢â‚¬Å"suddenly became related to pearl, and pearl went into the dreams, the speculations, the schemes, the plans, the futures, the wishes, the needs, the lusts, the hungers, of everyone. † And since Kino stood in their way, â€Å"he became curiously every man's enemy. Kino recognizes this desire in himself, not for wealth, but for the power the pearl can grant him. He says the pearl is his soul. Comments: Good elaboration of points. However, do you actually know the meaning of the word ‘avarice’ you use in the essay? Why don’t you just stick to the common word ‘greed’? Just in case you use it in the wrong context? Overall, good attempt 😉 Taufiq In the novel The Pearl written by John Steinback, one of the themes is money is the root of all the evil because when Kino found the pearl everyone has a bad idea on how to manipulate Kino and become rich such as the doctor who is greedy.Before Kino had money to treat his son ,Coyotito, he was very evil and later when Kino found the Pearl he took the advantage of Kino to take the pearl that Kino would sell and poisoned his son to convince Kino to let him treat Coyotito . The priest is also evil when he needs the money to repair the church. He used the tactics so that he could have that money by saying that Coyotito should be baptised in the church and Juana and Kino should marry legally in the church. The pearl buyers are also evil when they know that Kino has found the greatest pearl that is also their source of income.They became very greedy and offered the lowest price to Kino so that they will get more income. Comments: A lot of grammatical errors can be found in your answer. Most of your sentences are also confusing and the meaning is not clear. Try to write simple and short sentences with less error. Make sure you organize your ideas before writing them. Faiqa From the novel that I studied, The Pearl by John Steinbeck, the phrase â€Å"Money is the root of all evil† is shown in the theme of greed. The doctor in this novel is an example of a greedy person.In the beginning of the novel, the doctor refused to treat Kino's son, Coyotito, who had been stung by a scorpion as he knows Kino will not be able to pay him for the service. To him, the natives or the ‘Indians' are nothing more than animals. However, after the discovery of the Pearl of the World, the doctor suddenly becomes concerned about Coyotito's health. He even goes as far as to visit the sick baby at Kino's brush house. All this is done purely because of his greed. He is hoping that by doing this, Kino will feel indebted to him. He is also certain that Kino w ill be able to pay him now.The priest is also a greedy person. Before the discovery of the pearl, the priest does not seem to be too interested in the affairs of the natives. However, after the discovery of the pearl the priest makes the effort of visiting Kino to remind him of his duties. The priest's visit is actually to ensure that Kino will donate some money so that repair works can be carried out at the church. To a certain extent, I think this phrase is exposes the fact that greed brings out the worst in man. It can also be used to describe Kino's characteristic.Before the pearl was found, Kino was contented with his life. The scene at the beginning of the novel shows how Kino's life is peaceful. Kino is also protective over his family before he found the pearl. The description of him killing the scorpion shows how protective he is to his son. Not only is he caring and gentle with his family, he also takes good care of his belongings, for example, his canoe. But, after the dis covery of the pearl, Kino becomes as cold and deadly as steel. He is willing to kill, first the attacker and then the trackers, in order to guard his pearl from falling into their hands.Kino's character in the novel slowly changes and the author likens his behaviour to that of animals'. He is suddenly described as a snake after he hits and kicks Juana when the latter tries to throw the pearl back into the sea. Later, he is described as a lizard as he edges his way closer to the trackers before killing all of them. Finally, Kino becomes fierce and violent as the story progresses. He is ultimately described as a terrible killing machine before he kills all the trackers. Comment: Good elaboration. Some minor grammatical error can be found in the essay. Nur AliaThis theme emerges the moment the people of La Paz get to know about Kino's pearl and we begin to see changes in the characters. All of them have their own selfish schemes when they learn about Kino's pearl. Even the priest, a pe rson who is highly regarded in the community, has some plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pearl. It is only after this, that he thinks how the pearl will affect Kino's personal life. Since Kino is the only one who stands in the way of the others by possessing the pearl, he becomes every man's enemy. The doctor makes Coyotito ill so that he can then ‘treat' Coyotito and ask for payment from Kino.Out of greed, he has betrayed the nobility of his profession. The pearl buyers conspire to cheat Kino so that they can make bigger profits. Unidentified people, envious of Kino's pearl, attack him physically and damage his possessions. His house is ransacked and burnt down. This leaves him no choice but to abandon the safety of his community and travel into the unknown. Even Kino himself is affected by the pearl, although he plans to use it to better himself and his family's situation, he becomes obsessed with it and turns violent, even against Juana.He becomes a changed person. He is filled with anger, turning animal-like and â€Å"hissed at Juana like a snake†, when she tried to throw the pearl he beats her up and kicks her. Comment: A lot of spelling error found in your answer. Please make sure that you recheck your essay before submitting it next time. Syazwan Based on the novel that I had studied, money is the root of all evil. Kino had found the big pearl when his son Coyotito was bitten by the scorpion. The theme of greed can be seen when the villagers knew about the big pearl.Kino tried to find good treatment for his son. The greedy doctor only wants the money as he is a selfish person. Kino tried to sell the pearl at town. The dealers only offer him a low price although they know the pearl is of a good quality. Kino was attacked by the attacker Kino saved himself when he killed the attacker. The pearl gives many problems to Kino and his family. Lastly, Coyotito was killed and Kino throws back the pearl into the sea. Comment: Your an swer does not really fulfil the requirement of the question. The ideas are there but you did not explain them clearly.Please refer to your friends’ answer which received good comments from me. Ayuni In the Pearl, â€Å"Money Is the root of all evil† represents the theme of greed. The doctor refused to treat Coyotito for the scorpion’s sting as Kino has no money. After Kino’s discovery of the pearl the doctor claims that Coyotito is his patient and pretended to ‘ treat' the baby . The doctor was just only thinking about money. The Pearl buyers planned to cheat Kino. They offer Kino a very low price for the pearl. They say that the pearl is too soft and chalky and will lose its colour.They only want to get more profit. The priest came to Kino after knowing about the discovery of the great pearl. He always thought of the church, and used religion for selfish ends. The thief and trackers tried to steal the pearl from Kino until violence happens. Kino ha s also become a greedy person. He does not listen to Juana when she asked him to throw back the pearl before many evil happened to them. Comment: Your answer is quite okay. Make sure you elaborate a little bit more in your exam so that your ideas will be more organized. Fatin NabilaMoney is the root of all evil. The theme greed and selfishness is the theme that is extended to it. The doctor in the novel is an example of a greedy person. The doctor refused to treat Coyotito because he will not work for free. The doctor is only interested in treating Coyotito after he knows about great pearl that Kino has discovered. Moreover, the attackers and trackers are also greedy. They attempt to steal the pearl from Kino. The priest is also a greedy person. Before the discovery of the pearl, the priest does not seem to be too interested in the affair of the natives.However, after the discovery of the pearl the priest’s visit is actually to ensure that Kino will donate some money so that repair works can be carried out at the church. Comment: Your ideas are largely organized and supported. However, your answer would be more solid if you include more examples as there are a lot of characters which portrayed greed in the novel. Faris One of the themes represented in the novel The Pearl is greed. It can corrupt people. Kino found a strange pearl, and this is a good thing for Kino and his family. He hopes for a quality treatment for his son, Coyotito who was stung by an evil scorpion.He wanted to marry Juana in a church and give education to his son when he grows up. The news about it was heard by the villagers including the doctor, the priest, and the pearl buyers. At first the pearl symbolizes hope and triumph but at last it showed how men were overcame by greed when the pearl was known by the villagers. They wanted the pearl for their own use. Because they wanted the power and have the power, they would do anything to get the pearl because it is a great pearl. The pe arl made them become so greedy. It shows that the money is the root of all evil.It can be seen when Kino killed the trackers who wanted to steal it. At last, Coyotito died when the tracker shot him thinking he was a coyote pup. Comment: Quite good. Please pay more attention to grammar and sentence structure. Fatin Inani One of the themes represented in The Pearl is greed. It corrupts people. Kino finds a rare pearl, and this is a good thing for him. He hopes for quality treatment for his baby who had been stung by a scorpion. He hopes that he and Juana will now be able to afford a proper wedding, as well as a better quality of life.He hopes for power and respect from others, too, as seen in his desire to get a rifle. Most of all, he hopes to give his son a good education that will ensure him a good future and enable him to look after the interests of the simple village folk. The pearl is at first, a symbol of hope and triumph, but because of the greed of men, it soon becomes a symbo l of corruptibility and evil desires of man. In itself, it is not an evil thing, but the evil, selfish desire of greedy men turn into an ugly thing. Even the kind, noble, well-liked Kino falls under the power of the pearl.Here, we see a related theme, the theme of the corruptibility of man. Kino becomes obsessed with the pearl because it holds so much promise for him and his family. It blinds him to the simple beauty of his life. Juana begs him to throw it back into the sea, but he refuses. He says that it has become his soul and he cannot part with it. Comment: A good answer. Take this answer as one of the good example on how to tackle this question. Azuren The theme of greed emerges the moment the people in La Paz get to know about Kino's pearl and we begin to see changes in the characters.All of them have their selfish schemes when they know about the pearl. Even the priest, a person who is highly regarded in the community has plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pe arl. Since Kino is the only one who stands in the way of the others by possessing the pearl, he becomes every man's enemy. Therefore, many attempts are made to get rid of him. The greed of the people makes them willing to do anything to get the pearl, for example poison the child, burn Kino's house, destroy his canoe and even try to kill Kino and his family. Even Kino himself is affected by the pearl.Although he plans to use it to better himself and his family situation, he becomes obsessed with it and turns violent, even againts Juana. Kino's anger turn to rage when he discovers that Juana is about to throw away the pearl. He beats her up and kicks her. Kino whom we first see as a loving and protective family man, is now more concerned about the pearl. All of these show how money can change people and the theme of greed is one of the themes found in this novel. Comment: Your answer needs to be written in paragraphs to make it more organized. Be careful of your grammar.

Null Hypothesis and Yellow Pages

There are many reliable sources that are readily available for researching topics, whether it is for personal or professional use. Two of these sources are known as the Internet and the Yellow Pages. Based upon the test performed, to determine if the Yellow Pages will become obsolete in the near future, the following information was found based on the hypothesis and test results that have been recorded in the passage. There are many people who would prefer the use of the Internet to the Yellow Pages because of the convenience and not having to flip through pages to find what you are looking for.The Yellow Pages have become a thing of the past and is quickly being replaced by new research methods individuals can access via the Internet. In the past twenty years the Internet has continued to grow into what we know today. In 1993 the first primitive search engine was released (Seymour, Frantsvog, & Kumar, 2011). Google became the prominent search engine around 2000 by using an algorithm to rank web pages; the desirable pages would be linked more than others based on importance (Seymour, Frantsvog, & Kumar, 2011).With the growth of the Internet and the rise of technology, there has been an increase in the number of businesses that use the Internet for marketing (Salehi, Mirzaei, Aghaei, &Abyari, 2012). Businesses use the Internet to increase their business and people have easy access to the Internet, which makes it convenient for shoppers online (Salehi, et al, 2012). Our team wanted to determine if the Yellow Pages or printed phone book was becoming obsolete.We believe that with the advancements of the Internet and with the increase of people having smart phones, which have the internet readily available at your fingertips, the phone book is no longer needed and will become an archaic form of obtaining business listings or shopping. To test and evaluate our research issue, we used the five steps of hypothesis testing. In the first step we hypothesized that the Yel low Pages will become obsolete in the near future with the advances of technology such as the Internet. Our team formulated a null hypothesis, which states theYellow Pages will be proven as a viable research method. The second step was introduced to determine the characteristics of our comparison distribution. We polled 84 people, asking each person two questions. The first question was, â€Å"When looking for a business listing, do you look to the Internet/search engines or the Yellow Pages (hard copy)? † and the second question was, â€Å"If you are going to make a purchase, do you look in the phone book, Internet, or both? † Of the individuals polled, 68 were women and 16 were men.There were two individuals who fell into the under 20 category, three in the 21 to 30 group, 17 in the 31 to 40 range, 18 in the 41 to 50 crowd, 38 in the 51 to 60 set, and 6 representatives of the 60 and over. Our results showed for the first question there were 14 individuals who answere d they used the Yellow Pages and 74 who preferred to use the Internet. The second question only yielded five people who answered Yellow Pages while 83 indicated they used the Internet. We set a cutoff point of 50% or . 5 hypothesized means difference of usage among all age groups.This cutoff point was used both as a first method of searching for a business as well as usage in general. The mean for Question 1 was determined to be 3 and for Question 2 the mean was determined to be 13. The Z score for the combined questions was -3. 71. The Z score for the first tail or Question 1 was 1. 64 and the Z score for the second tail or Question 2 was 1. 96. From our research and the data collected, we found that the null hypothesis was rejected. The statistics clearly show that there is over the 50% or . 5 hypothesized means difference. The gap in the Z scores shows a 5. 35 difference for the first question and 5.37 for the second question. Through our research and statistics, we found the res ults to be opposite of our null hypothesis which is the basis for the rejection. â€Å"With the rise of local search sites, social media, and mobile directories, the physical Yellow Pages books delivered to consumers’ doors — long a staple of local marketing — are quickly becoming obsolete. According to data from the Local Search Association, total consumer references to print directories declined from 12 billion in 2009 to 7. 4 billion in 2011, and have most likely declined even more since (Jones, 2013, para. 2)†.There might be some interesting news for local businesses that still use marketing strategies through the Yellow Pages. The Yellow Pages is now offering advice in areas such as SEO, online advertising, paid search, and the effects of an online reputation in the social media. Recent findings show that on average, consumers consult two to three sources of information when intending on making a purchase. These sources include the Yellow Pages, but mostly through search engines. The physically printed Yellow Page book may become a part of history, but it will be a while before it is completely obsolete.â€Å"Today, Yellow Pages and search engines dominate the local search space among all media. Last year, 84% of people used a Yellow Pages product and 76% used a search engine to find a local business (Norton, 2011)†. With that said, there are some things to consider when utilizing the Yellow Pages to advertise your business, like reviewing your competitors ads, including a dedicated phone number, immediately creating a working system to track business leads, and including offers exclusively for ad respondents. The data and statistics we collected lead us to the results that the Yellow Pages will soon be outdated.While modern media like the Internet is on the rise, traditional print media will be pushed off the market. The Yellow Pages have found a way to use this change in marketing as an advantage. They now use new mode rn media to advertise their product as the Yellow Pages online. The Yellow Pages are a name and a brand that people trust, so the concept will never actually be outdated. While the Internet pushes traditional media out of business, like books, newspapers and other print media, those branches have found to be resourceful and will therefore always find a way to survive in today’s ever-changing market.

Free Essays on The BFG

The B.F.GBY ROALD DAHL This book is about a girl named Sophie who was taken from her orphanage by a giant named the B.F.G. This giant isn’t an ordinary giant who eats human beans, no he is a Big Friendly Giant. This giant blows dreams into little children’s bedrooms so they can have a good nights sleep. There is nine other giants that are twice as tall as the B.F.G that eat the people. All these giants are going off to a country to eat little kids or adults. Once when the B.F.G was catching dreams he caught a very bad dream. He said it was worse than a nightmare. When the B.F.G and Sophia got home they had an idea. The B.F.G took the frightful dream and blew it into the Fleshlumpeater giant’s face. The giant started to toss and turn vividly and furiously. Then after the dream started a fight happened between the giants. Then Sophia had an idea. She wanted the B.F.G to make a dream about giants eating kids , and about him and her for the queen of England. The B.F.G did what Sophia had as! ked and started to the dream. When he finished the were off. The B.F.G blew the dream into the window of the queen’s room. In the morning she saw Sophia in the window. Then a few minutes later she saw the B.F.G. They had a breakfast that the B.F.G loved. They made a plan to stop the giants from eating more people. They sent helicopters and other war type things. They dug a huge hole for the giants so they wouldn’t eat any more people. They put a sign up that said , â€Å"IT IS FORBIDDEN TO FEED THE GIANTS!!!†... Free Essays on The BFG Free Essays on The BFG The B.F.GBY ROALD DAHL This book is about a girl named Sophie who was taken from her orphanage by a giant named the B.F.G. This giant isn’t an ordinary giant who eats human beans, no he is a Big Friendly Giant. This giant blows dreams into little children’s bedrooms so they can have a good nights sleep. There is nine other giants that are twice as tall as the B.F.G that eat the people. All these giants are going off to a country to eat little kids or adults. Once when the B.F.G was catching dreams he caught a very bad dream. He said it was worse than a nightmare. When the B.F.G and Sophia got home they had an idea. The B.F.G took the frightful dream and blew it into the Fleshlumpeater giant’s face. The giant started to toss and turn vividly and furiously. Then after the dream started a fight happened between the giants. Then Sophia had an idea. She wanted the B.F.G to make a dream about giants eating kids , and about him and her for the queen of England. The B.F.G did what Sophia had as! ked and started to the dream. When he finished the were off. The B.F.G blew the dream into the window of the queen’s room. In the morning she saw Sophia in the window. Then a few minutes later she saw the B.F.G. They had a breakfast that the B.F.G loved. They made a plan to stop the giants from eating more people. They sent helicopters and other war type things. They dug a huge hole for the giants so they wouldn’t eat any more people. They put a sign up that said , â€Å"IT IS FORBIDDEN TO FEED THE GIANTS!!!†...

Timeline From 1810-1820 (Waterloo, War of 1812)

Timeline From 1810-1820 (Waterloo, War of 1812) Decade By Decade: Timelines of the 1800s 1810: May 23, 1810: Margaret Fuller, editor, writer, and feminist icon, was born in Massachusetts.June 23, 1810: John Jacob Astor formed the Pacific Fur Company.July 5, 1810: American showman Phineas T. Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut.September 1810: The Tonquin, a ship owned by John Jacob Astor departed New York City bound for the Pacific Northwest, as part of Astors plan to establish a fur-trading settlement at the mouth of the Columbia River. 1811: February 3, 1811: Legendary newspaper editor Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, New Hampshire.May 11, 1811: Chang and Eng Bunker, famous conjoined twins, were born in Siam, which will lead to them becoming known as the Siamese Twins.June 14, 1811: Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Toms Cabin, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut.Summer 1811: Work began on the National Road, the first federal highway.November 7, 1811: Troops led by William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe.December 16, 1811: The New Madrid Earthquake struck the Mississippi Valley. 1812: February 7, 1812: British novelist Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England.March 15, 1812: The Luddites, who were opposed to machines being used in manufacturing, attacked a wool factory in England.March 26, 1812: An earthquake leveled Caracas, Venezuela.June 1, 1812: President James Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against Britain. The causes of the War of 1812 were varied, and included impressment of American sailors.June 18, 1812: The United States Congress declared war on Britain, though opposition to the War of 1812 was strong.June 24, 1812: Napoleon invaded Russia.August 19, 1812: The USS Constitution battled HMS Guerriere and the American ship was victorious.October 1812: Napoleon began his retreat from Moscow.November 5, 1812: James Madison won the U.S. presidential election of 1812, defeating Dewitt Clinton. 1813: The Casselsmans Bridge was built in Maryland as part of the National Road, and was the longest stone arch bridge in America at the time.April 23, 1813: Stephen Douglas, U.S. Senator and rival of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Brandon, Vermont.April 27, 1813: Zebulon Pike, soldier and explorer, was killed at the age of 34 during the War of 1812 in action at York, Ontario, Canada.June 24, 1813: Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and reformer, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut.October 5, 1813: Tecumseh, 45-year-old Shawnee leader, was killed by American troops at the Battle of the Thames in Canada. 1814: January 1814: The British government approached Americans, offering to begin negotiations to end the War of 1812.August 24, 1814: British troops landed in Maryland, marched to Washington, D.C., and burned the U.S. Capitol and the Executive Mansion (which would later be called the White House).September 13, 1814: A British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. A British land force simultaneously battled Baltimores defenders on land, at the Battle of Baltimore.September 14, 1814: On the morning after the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key saw the American flag still flying and wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. Keys lyrics accurately described the Congreve rockets fired during the night.December 24, 1814: American and British negotiators in Belgium signed the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812. 1815: January 8, 1815: Diverse American forces commanded by Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated British attackers at the Battle of New Orleans. As news traveled slowly, neither side knew the war had actually ended with the Treaty of Ghent weeks earlier.February 1, 1815: Irish political leader Daniel OConnell reluctantly fought a duel outside Dublin and killed his opponent.April 1, 1815: Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, was born in Prussia.April 5-12, 1815: The volcano at Mt. Tambora in Indonesia erupted in a series of explosions over a span of days. Volcanic ash blown into the atmosphere would affect weather worldwide for a year.June 18, 1815: Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo.July 1815: In the Second Barbary War, an American fleet commanded by Stephen Decatur and William Bainbridge defeated the Barbary Pirates. 1816: 1816 became known as The Year Without a Summer as volcanic ash from the Mt. Tambora volcanic eruption caused lower temperatures throughout the world.November 6, 1816: James Monroe was elected president of the United States, defeating Rufus King. 1817: In 1817 a legendary supernatural creature, The Bell Witch, began terrorizing a family on a Tennessee farm.March 4, 1817: James Monroe took the presidential oath of office outdoors, as the U.S. Capitol was still being rebuilt after its burning by the British.July 4, 1817: Construction began on the Erie Canal.July 12, 1817: Author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts. 1818: The first packet liners began sailing between New York City and Liverpool.February 1818: Abolitionist author Frederick Douglass was born into slavery on a plantation in Maryland.May 5, 1818: Karl Marx, German philosopher, was born in Prussia.December 13, 1818: Mary Todd Lincoln, American first lady, was born in Lexington, Kentucky. 1819: The Panic of 1819 was the first great financial panic of the 19th century.May 24, 1819: Queen Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, London, England.May 31, 1819: American poet Walt Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York.August 1, 1819: Author Herman Melville was born in New York City.August 26, 1819: Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, was born in Germany.

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol Hyphens are helpful little things that aid in reader comprehension. Although confusion is not at great risk in phrases like â€Å"sharp-dressed man† (though the omission of the hyphen suggests that the passage literally refers to a dressed man who is sharp) others, such as â€Å"small-business owner,† can at the very least conjure distracting imagery if they omit the hyphen. And such hyphenated word strings as â€Å"song-and-dance man† and â€Å"customer-relationship-management software† help keep the reader focused, though judiciously relaxing a phrase is often a welcome solution: The former phrase isn’t exhausting to read, but how about â€Å"software for customer-relationship management† in lieu of the latter? On the other hand, sins of commission regarding hyphenation are as endemic as those of omission. Here are examples of superfluous usage: 1. â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions ground to a near-halt in 2001.† â€Å"Near-halt† and its cousins â€Å"near-disaster† and â€Å"near-miss† are results of a misunderstanding: When near modifies another adjective, it should be hyphenated to its teammate (â€Å"near-fatal accident†), but a hyphen serves no use in linking near in isolation directly to a noun. 2. â€Å"The recently-launched firm survived by limiting itself to modestly-scaled projects.† Adverbs ending in -ly never are never hyphenated, though suffix-free adverbs are: â€Å"longer-lasting freshness.† 3. â€Å"The mostly flat paved trail is an inline-skater’s dream.† There was a time when compound nouns that are now open or closed, such as â€Å"income tax† or â€Å"taskmaster,† were likely to be hyphenated. That usage, however, is now considered archaic (with some puzzling exceptions such as mind-set and life-form). Safely assume that just about any such linkage you see is incorrect though, to be safe, I offer the inverse of a piece of all-purpose advice: Distrust, but verify. 4. â€Å"She realized that the police department was less-than-dedicated to assisting her.† Step back and ponder what benefit of comprehension accrues from creating the wagon train of â€Å"less-than-dedicated,† then excise the offending hyphens. 5. â€Å"The starting center is seven-feet tall.† The necessity of hyphenating physical dimensions in phrasal adjectives (â€Å"the seven-foot-tall center†) confuses many writers into believing that any phrasing having to do with size or weight or distance must be linked. â€Å"Seven-foot-tall center† is hyphenated so as not to suggest that the tall center has seven feet, but no such ambiguity attends â€Å"seven feet tall.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Prepositions to Die With

Hospitality Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Hospitality Law - Essay Example The law is found under the section of Federal social Security, Unemployment Insurance, and Workers Compensation (FUTA) (Boella and Alan 34-49). The FUTA has a subsection where, Meals and Lodging benefits are extended to the workers. It is under particular state laws, for example, in New York (Boella and Alan 54-56). All 50 states enacted workers’ compensation law, which outlines statutory framework for every employer to compensate workers for injuries at work. It insures the employees against occupational risks and hazards. In case of an incident (injuries or sickness), the medical care and benefits are catered for by the employer, while if death ensues, payments are given to the spouse and dependents as the law defines. The compensation act outlines that in the event of negligence, the worker has the right to sue his or her employer according to the common law. Therefore, the occupier has to obtain insurance from private companies or state agencies that cover claims of work-related injuries. In New York, an occupier is not allowed to charge any cost of insurance compensation to the employee. Workers must be advised about their right and the procedure of filing a claim by use of accessible and strategically placed posters. The posters postulate that the premise complies with the Workers’ Compensation Law (Form C-105 in New York). In case of noncompliance, the employer is fined $100 after every 10 days for assessment and may be prosecuted for a misdemeanor in a criminal court (Boella and Alan 71-78). The compensation depends on defined amounts or formulas that in turn depend on four classifications of disabilities that result from injuries. The disability classes include temporary total, permanent total, temporary partial, and permanent partial disabilities. The act also provides for â€Å"scheduled injuries† (amputations of limbs or eyesight loss). The payments that the workers

Hamlet (A Critical Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hamlet (A Critical Analysis) - Essay Example Hamlet never intended to kill Claudius before his father’s ghost appeared and urged him to do so. In fact, it was his internal battle (introspection) that didn’t let him succeed in deciding what he wanted to. There are different theories about Hamlet’s delay in taking revenge. It is believed that he was afraid of being what he was accusing Claudius for; the murderer. Because murdering Claudius would not have made him better than him. In five brother’s story he experienced the darker side of revenge. He wanted to be quick in taking action but was cautious enough to identify emotion and illogical thought attached to it (Westlund 244-256). The story of five sons of a murdered man is narrated within Hamlet. All of sons have their own interpretation and way of taking revenge. Among all of them, Hamlet’s understanding and way of taking revenge is portrayed to be the most balanced one. Neither he acts promptly nor stays completely inactive, rather waits for the right time to act (Rasmussen 463). Hamlet is being criticized for delaying revenge due to his procrastinating nature or belief not to murder a disarmed man as Hamlet rationalize his decision in speech. Another reason for the delay can be the fear of destroying a man (Claudius) who was experiencing a spiritual awakening. It may be true because, according to McCullen the idea of revenge in Elizabethan era required spiritual and physical destruction for absolute revenge (24-25). Thus, Hamlet quit the idea of killing Claudius while he was praying. Hamlet wants to wait for the right time. It does not reflect his being inactive or a procrastinator because strangely, he was active enough to murder Polonius and two spies, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Besides being two of the most crucial characters, Shakespeare keeps readers unaware of Ophelia and Gertrude’s feelings and inner

Dada and Surrealism Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Dada and Surrealism Art - Essay Example The essay "Dada and Surrealism Art" analyzes surrealism and dada art. Dadaists believed this modern world to be the cause of the war, and thus defied the practice of conformity through its anti-art. Where a canvas and paints were the usual media employed, scissors and scraps of paper were now being glued onto wood and everyday objects took on a new leash of life as the central subject of works. People were forced to look at everyday objects of simple use in a way that would transform the very basis of their existence. Art for the first time became informal, illogical and embraced the chaotic irrationality which was to become its trademark description. Fundamentally, it represented protest ‘against this world of mutual destruction’, and left a permanent mark on the world of art. Everywhere, boundaries were stretched beyond their limits and inevitably broken until recognition of the term ‘art’ as it once stood would never be thought of in the same way again. T he Dada movement paved the way for the later developing Surrealist movement; a lovechild, if you will, of the former and a way of ensuring that the boundaries could not be brought back into check by the modern traditional nationalists – however bleak this possibility might have seemed at the time. The Surrealist movement was based on the freeing of the imagination and the promotion of the ability to express and explore the self, as suggested by Freud’s subconscious mind. Dada sought to free mankind from the suffocating normalities forced upon him.

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion Essay

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion - Essay Example The paper proposes to review the studies accomplished earlier on this particular area of concern. The earlier studies will include a number of journals articles such as ‘Social Identity Theory and the Organization’ by Ashforth and Mael, ‘Self-Categorization, Affective Commitment, and Group Self-Esteem as Distinct Aspects of Social Identity in the Organization’ by Bergami and Bagozzi. Defining Brand A brand acts as the nucleolus of a company; it helps to strengthen the image of a company in the minds of the consumers. Defining a brand is indeed the first step in the way of creating the brand strategy. By defining the brand, one constructs a foundation on which the rest of the components may later be constructed. The brand definition plays the role of a measuring stick with the help of which, the marketing strategies and materials can be evaluated. Brand defining requires the knowledge of products or services offered by the company, their quality, core values of the products or services, core values of the company, the company’s mission, the company’s expertise, the target market, the company’s tagline and the message it sends to the prospects. A brand in simple words is the term, design, symbol, name or anything that distinguishes one product from that of the other. Branding can be done based on various aspects. A brand is a conglomerate of memories, links, stories, and expectations that have a combined effect on the consumer to help him select a particular product or service in comparison to others available in the market. The consumer can be anybody ranging from a voter to a buyer. "A brand is a company's face to the world. It is the company's name, how that name is visually expressed through a logo, and how that name and logo are extended throughout an organization's communications". There are a number of ways by which branding can be accomplished. The most common of them are corporate branding, individual brandi ng, rebranding, family branding and personal branding. In order to cite an example Dove is an individual branded product from Unilever. While on the other hand IBM, G.E can be cited as the instances of corporate branding. Thus on an overall basis on whatever aspects it might be branding is important for a company. A brand is responsible for influencing the perception of the customers about the company. Consumers reflect the existence of brand value by paying a premium or spreading the word across the social network. The value of a brand is basically the aggregate of the amount consumers are willing to pay extra to buy the products or services of a certain brand while other companies rendering similar services or products cheaper by that amount are accessible to them in the market. DeMozota defined brand as the perceptions which is being determined by experience as well as through communication. Brand is also about developing and delivering the propositions to the consumers. In the m odern business era, brands are enormously focusing upon the betterment of the offering. It also remains focused towards the development of society and also to preserve the environment. However only developing or creating a brand does not mean, it will offer recognition and value to the company. The newly developed brand needs to offer value to the customers in all the aspects.

Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting Essay

Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting - Essay Example The paper "Ink Painting - Lingnan School of Painting" analyzes how the Lingnan School of Painting contributed to the innovations of the traditional Chinese ink painting, and how it influenced the traditional Chinese ink painting; what were the dissatisfactions articulated by the emerging Lingnan School; how the Lingnan style distinguished itself, in both their underlying philosophy and the art through which they expressed it; and in what direction(s) has the Lingnan school led, in its influence on Chinese ink painting. There were a number of defining characteristics of traditional Chinese ink painting, prior to the emergence of the Lingnan School. These defining characteristic might be arranged into the categories. With respect to the audience, traditional Chinese ink paintings were not created for common people or for a mass audience, but were generally privately-commissioned and intended for an elite audience only. Because the usual form of the painting included calligraphy and poe try, as well as painting and signets, it was done by educated scholars, for whom it was their esoteric passion. As such, the traditional Chinese ink paintings were often too lofty to comprehend. For this reason, they had a limited appeal, though very beautiful. The painter was, in a mystic way, the subject of his/her own painting, whether the apparent subject was landscape, flowers, or animals. The painting expressed the sentiment of the painter, but it was more intimate than that. The painting expressed the personality.... It can be understood that all painting, by artists, should develop their skills. Traditional Chinese ink painting was understood to be more profound than this. The painter painted and developed intellectually and spiritually. It was about the deepest aspects of being and the sensitivity of consciousness 5. Landscape paintings, for example, were lovely and set a mood. More than that, they communicated the emotion that the scholar-poet-painter experienced in that environment. Beyond that, the mountain or waterfall or other landscape setting shown, revealed the personality of the painter, for those who understood how to read the clues. It was not merely a painting for an audience, but it was an opportunity for the painter to reflect and develop personality and spirit. It was this painted high being-ness that the elite audience of traditional Chinese ink painting was looking for and paying for. In appreciating a painting, then, the audience appreciated Spirit and Consciousness. It was co nceptual, rather than visual 6. The subject of traditional Chinese ink painting was always painted in an abstract manner. From the 10th century to the 20th, it was thought that realism somehow cheapened the aesthetics of a painting. So, Chinese traditional ink painting was always expressionist, and not realist, and eventually even the selected subject itself was abstract. For example, a favorite subject of traditional Chinese ink painting, by the nineteenth century, was Taoist and Buddhist teachings. It is no wonder that the subjects of the paintings, for 800 years, were considered by later painters to be aloof from worldly affairs 7. The subjects painted were human figures, landscapes, flowers and birds. These three categories, however, are more

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion Essay

Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion - Essay Example The paper proposes to review the studies accomplished earlier on this particular area of concern. The earlier studies will include a number of journals articles such as ‘Social Identity Theory and the Organization’ by Ashforth and Mael, ‘Self-Categorization, Affective Commitment, and Group Self-Esteem as Distinct Aspects of Social Identity in the Organization’ by Bergami and Bagozzi. Defining Brand A brand acts as the nucleolus of a company; it helps to strengthen the image of a company in the minds of the consumers. Defining a brand is indeed the first step in the way of creating the brand strategy. By defining the brand, one constructs a foundation on which the rest of the components may later be constructed. The brand definition plays the role of a measuring stick with the help of which, the marketing strategies and materials can be evaluated. Brand defining requires the knowledge of products or services offered by the company, their quality, core values of the products or services, core values of the company, the company’s mission, the company’s expertise, the target market, the company’s tagline and the message it sends to the prospects. A brand in simple words is the term, design, symbol, name or anything that distinguishes one product from that of the other. Branding can be done based on various aspects. A brand is a conglomerate of memories, links, stories, and expectations that have a combined effect on the consumer to help him select a particular product or service in comparison to others available in the market. The consumer can be anybody ranging from a voter to a buyer. "A brand is a company's face to the world. It is the company's name, how that name is visually expressed through a logo, and how that name and logo are extended throughout an organization's communications". There are a number of ways by which branding can be accomplished. The most common of them are corporate branding, individual brandi ng, rebranding, family branding and personal branding. In order to cite an example Dove is an individual branded product from Unilever. While on the other hand IBM, G.E can be cited as the instances of corporate branding. Thus on an overall basis on whatever aspects it might be branding is important for a company. A brand is responsible for influencing the perception of the customers about the company. Consumers reflect the existence of brand value by paying a premium or spreading the word across the social network. The value of a brand is basically the aggregate of the amount consumers are willing to pay extra to buy the products or services of a certain brand while other companies rendering similar services or products cheaper by that amount are accessible to them in the market. DeMozota defined brand as the perceptions which is being determined by experience as well as through communication. Brand is also about developing and delivering the propositions to the consumers. In the m odern business era, brands are enormously focusing upon the betterment of the offering. It also remains focused towards the development of society and also to preserve the environment. However only developing or creating a brand does not mean, it will offer recognition and value to the company. The newly developed brand needs to offer value to the customers in all the aspects.

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Leadership - Research Paper Example Introduction The study will encompass various learning associated with the concept of ‘leadership’ in the context of management of people. The term ‘leadership’ is fundamentally described as the ability that an individual possess in relation to making effective pathways for others to follow. It is also regarded as a practice in which the actions of different individuals are set to move in a definite direction by a single individual. In addition, the factors that significantly influence the development of leadership among different individuals will be analyzed upon. At the same time, the extent towards which people are influenced by diverse leadership traits and the degree up to which the leadership skills are practiced will be examined upon. The study will also postulate a comprehensive understanding about the term ‘manager’. In addition the roles of a manager will be analyzed upon and the similarity between the duties of a manager and leader in relation to managing as well as guiding people will be identified and studied upon. The paper will also highlight those factors that are crucially required for managing people in the most proficient manner. It will give an opportunity to put oneself in a leadership position and put on different self-practices concerning the implementation of proper leadership tactics and practices (Western, 2007). Thesis Statement The primary purpose of the paper is to highlight those practices that reflect leadership qualities and values. The study will assist in delivering a proper idea regarding leadership and the various activities associated with it. This will help in determining the extent towards which leadership can be developed among individuals and self. Another major goal of the paper is to identify those factors that are required for becoming an authentic leader having innovative and extraordinary skills creating a positive mark in the minds and eyes of various followers. Furthermore, t his study will also propagate similarities and dissimilarities concerning leadership and management skills. It will further identify that whether every manager need to possess effective leadership skills or not. It will thus provide a greater aid in creating a distinct idea towards the understanding of the concept of leadership in a broad manner and will also provide a comprehensive understanding about the implementation of leadership skills in practical life. In Your Opinion, What Does It Take To Become An Authentic Leader Who People Want To Follow? Leadership skills are developed on the basis of integration of various skills such as, communication skills, problem solving ability, conceptual abilities and autocratic nature among others. An ideal leader needs to sum up all his/her resources and implement those whenever required. A proficient leader needs to act quickly depending upon the situation and should be able to provide with quick time solutions for mitigating any sort of dif ficulty or risk. In order to become an authentic leader, one must be continuously involved in delivering those skills that can cope up various challenges or resolve any complex situation. Besides, the leader must constantly attempt to create significant amount of differences in relation to the traditional leadership styles and practices of a leader. Authentic leaders are often considered to be the outstanding performers in their respective fields and also

Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Data Collection Essay * The Rough was excluded during the calculation of the mean as the rough was a trial to indicate the general whereabouts of the end point, which is inaccurate of the exact end point. Table 2. Observations collected during the experiment. Table contains observations which were recorded during each trial of the experiment. Trials Observations Before trials * When water was added to the crystals of oxalic acid, it dissolved almost instantly with a light stirring of the beaker. Rough * When two drops phenolphthalein was added to the solution of sodium hydroxide, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20.8dm3 of oxalic acid into the sodium hydroxide solution, while swirling the conical flask, the solution turned completely clear the oxalic acid was filled up to 21dm3 to have a rounded rough end point to work with. 1 * When two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, while swirling the conical flask gently, each drop of oxalic acid solution began to turn the pink solution slightly clear. * After about 20.6dm3 oxalic acid solution was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. 2 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to sodium hydroxide solution, producing a pink coloured solution. * After about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution was added, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * After adding around 20.4dm3 of oxalic acid solution, the pink solution turned completely clear. 3 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, turning the solution in the conical flask pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * When about 20.3dm3 of the acid was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. Data Processing 1. Write an equation for the reaction. (COOH)2 + 2NaOH 2NaCO3 + 2H2O 2. What amount (in moles) of NaOH is present in 20.0 cm3 of 0.097 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution? c = n/v c = 0.097mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 = 0.097mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.001/0.097 x 100%) = 0.097mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% v = 20.0cm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04 = (20.0/1000) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.04/20.0 x 100%) = 0.020dm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = ? n = c x v n = 0.097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% x 0.020 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1.03 + 0.2)% ? n = 0.00194 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 3. What amount of oxalic acid was present in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution? Using the molar ratio of 1:2 for acid : base respectively: 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% / 2 = 0.00097 mols ? amount of oxalic acid present = 0.00097 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 4. What amount of oxalic acid was present in your 250 cm3 volumetric flask? Concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L. Therefore the concentration of acid in 1 dm-3 of acid solution is the same as concentration of acid in 250mL: c = n/v c = 0.0119à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.03% / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.15/250 x 100%) c = 0.0476 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.03+0.06)% ? c = 0.05 mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% (concentration of acid) c = n/v 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% = n / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% x 0.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% = n ? n = 0.0125 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.09 + 0.06)% ? moles of oxalic acid in 250mL solution = 0.0125 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% 5. What is the mass of one mole of oxalic acid? n = m/MM MM = m/n MM = 1.5g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02 / 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 1.5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.02/1.5 x100%) / 0.0125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(1.33+2.15)% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% m = n x MM m = 1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? mass of one mole of oxalic acid = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 6. How many molecules of water of crystallisation are present in one mole? MM of (COOH)2 = 2(12.01 + 32 + 1) = 90.04 MM of H2O = (2.02 + 16) = 18.02 (COOH)2.xH2O = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 90.04 + 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 90.04 ? 18.02x = 29.96à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% (/18.02) ? x = 1.6626à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? Molecules of water of crystallisation = 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 Conclusion and Evaluation Discussion 1. Estimate the degree of uncertainty in your readings using the balance, the volumetric flask, the pipette and the burette. How accurately can you quote your answer? Balance = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02g Volumetric flask = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15mL Pipette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04cm3 Burette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15cm3 The equipments used were relatively accurate as the uncertainties compared to the collected values are small. 2. Compare your answer with the correct answer and work out the percentage error. Percentage error = [(experimental value actual value) / actual value] x 100% = [(1.6626 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 2) / 2] x 100% = 16.87% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74% 3. Suggest any other reasons for possible error. Other reasons for possible error include the uncertainty of equipments, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles and transference of solution between equipments. This experiment was conducted to find the ratio of water in hydrate oxalic acid crystals. This included calculations of the theoretical and experimental values for the ratio of water in the hydrate oxalic acid crystals and the percentage errors of values compared. The equation for the reaction between the sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and the oxalic acid solution ((COOH)2) was worked out, with the product being a salt (NaCO3) and water (H2O). As the oxalic acid solution is a dibasic acid solution, the reaction ratio with sodium hydroxide is 1:2. The amount of NaOH, in moles, was also calculated by multiplying the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used. The equation c = n/v was used to calculate this. The result was 0.00194 moles of NaOH in the sodium hydroxide solution with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid presented in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution was also calculated; by dividing the moles of NaOH (0.00194à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%) by 2, based on the 1:2 reaction ratio stated before. The result was 0.00097 moles with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid present in 250cm3 was also calculated. The concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L, therefore, the concentration of acid in 1dm-3 of the oxalic acid solution is the same concentration as the acid in 250mL. With this understood, the equation c = n/v was used once again. The concentration was first calculated by dividing the moles of NaOH by 0.25dm3. The result (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09), was used in further calculations to determine the moles of oxalic acid by multiplying the previous calculated concentration (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09) with 0.25dm3, resulting in the moles of oxalic acid in the 250mL solution as 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15%. This value was used in the calculation of the mass of one mole of oxalic acid. The equation n = m/MM was used in this calculation. The MM (molar mass) was first calculated, dividing the mass of oxalic acid crystals by the moles of oxalic acid (1.5 / 0.0125). The mass (m = n x MM) was calculated with the result of this (1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), resulting in the mass of one mole of oxalic acid being 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%. Finally, the molecules of water of crystallisation presented in one mole were calculated. This was done by using the mass of one mole of oxalic acid (120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), subtracting the MM of (COOH)2 (90.04) from it and dividing the result by MM of H2O (18.02). The final result of the number of molecules of water in crystallisation equalled 1.66 with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% or 0.06. With this final result, the percentage error was calculated, being 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%. All the uncertainties within the values used were calculated into percentage through dividing the uncertainty by the value and multiplying it by 100%. The uncertainties were converted into percentages before doing calculations were done. There were several limitations found during this experiment which would have been the cause of an inaccurate final result the variation between the theoretical value of 2 and the experimental value of 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06. These limitations include the uncertainties of the equipment, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles found in solutions and the transference of solution between equipments. The significance of these errors and the improvements are listed in the table below. Limitations Significance Improvements Uncertainty of equipments Uncertainties were obtained during the experiment through the use of equipments. The inaccurate recording of data would have affected the results in the end. Eg. The readings on the electronic scale werent fully stable and consistent at one value, it varied increasing and decreasing slightly. In the case of the electronic scale, it was suggested that the variation in weight value was due to the air-conditioning blowing down on it. The air-conditioner could be turned off to reduce the uncertainties and variations. Students could also prevent themselves from breathing heavily down onto the scale while measuring, this could have contributed to the variation as well. Human errors and mistakes Mistakes could affect the outcome and accuracy of results. Eg. While adding water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the oxalic acid crystals, a student accidentally added a little too much, over the 250cm3 that was intended. This would have over diluted the oxalic acid. This could have been avoided through patience while adding the water into the volumetric flask. This could also have been done slowly and carefully, probably using a pipette towards the end at the 250cm3 mark. Reading the measurement of the pipette, burette and volumetric flask could have been inaccurate, causing results to be inaccurate and in turn affecting the calculations. Inaccuracy could have been due to improper way of reading the measurement. Students should have bent down slightly with the measurement at eye level. Student`s heads should not be tilted but level with the equipment as well. The measurement should also be read at the parallax, not above or below it. Possibility of contaminated solutions The experiment was conducted with the use of several different solutions. These solutions could have accidentally been mixed in with each other, causing the solution to be contaminated. The results obtained due to this could have been inaccurate, affecting the final results. Being careful with the solutions used would help avoid this. Using clean equipments for each different solution, making sure the solutions that are not meant to be placed together do not get mixed with each other. After the use of some of the equipments, they were to be washed and reused for another solution. The equipments were not dried before being used again; this could have diluted the solution and contaminated it. Drying the equipment each time after it is washed/cleaned would prevent access water and dilution of solutions. Air bubbles When transferring the dissolved oxalic acid into the burette, there were some tiny air bubbles. This would have because the measurement to be inaccurate as the air bubbles would have caused the reading of the solution to be greater than it actually is. Over time when the bubbles removed itself from the solution which would have caused a decrease in solution. The inaccurate measurement reading would have affected the final results of the experiment. The burette could have been left alone for awhile to allow the bubbles to float to the top. Whatever the amount the bubbles made up for, fill the burette up again with the use of a pipette. Transference of solution between equipments When transferring solutions between two or more differing equipments would have caused an increase of decrease in measurement. An inaccurate amount of solution would have affected the results or recorded data. When using a funnel during the transference of solution into the burette, it caused some increase in the desired amount. This is due to the tip of the funnel having some drops of solution left in it and when the funnel was removed, the movement could have caused those drops to drop into the burette, causing an increase in amount of solution. This could be prevented by either slowly removing the funnel or using the funnel up to a certain mark, remove it and fill up to the desired amount with the use of a small pipette drop by drop. When using the 20mL pipette to transfer the sodium hydroxide into the conical flask, the tip of the nozzle had a drop that was tempted to drop out of the pipette. Avoid touching the sides and move the pipette over the flask slowly would reduce the chances of it dripping out and altering the volume of solution. A small amount of the solution was also stuck at the tip of the nozzle after being emptied. By touching the tip to the side of the flask would help that tiny bit of solution flow out. If possible have the nozzle flat on the side of the flask, this would allow it to flow out smoothly. To avoid or reduce these significant errors, these solutions and improvements should be taken into consideration during future repetition of this experiment. The experiment overall was invalid. Though the values in data collection may have been to a 0.10cm3 difference, the final calculation of the percentage error, 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%, was much greater than the desired 1% causing the experiment to be invalid.

The origins of the word stress

The origins of the word stress The opening subject of this literature review relates to the origins of the word stress and how pioneer Dr Hans Selye was the catalyst in creating a greater interest on this topic. Following his hypothesis and subsequent definition of the word stress, many prominent researchers have delved deeper into the subject to formulate their own assumptions. Clearly, a substantial amount of research has been conducted in this area and hence a number of descriptions of the word stress exist. This may be a contributory factor as to why much uncertainty exists in relation to stress per se, and why the apposing schools of thought have formed conflicting opinions on Selyes interpretation on the subject. In fact the following quote written by the Pioneer of Stress himself is regularly cited in numerous publications relating to the subject matter: Stress, like Einsteins theory of relativity, is a scientific concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood (Selye,1980) Origins of the word stress Stress is a word derived from the Latin word stringere, meaning to draw tight (Arnold, 2005). Definition of Stress Stress has become a legitimate concern for most and a talking point for people from all walks of life . However, when agencies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Labour Organisation (ILO) draw attention the prevalence of stress in the work place, it substantiates the importance for those particularly in the Hospitality Industry, to pay more attention to this issue and its consequences. (Faulkner, 1997). One can clearly see why many scholars have chosen to explore the subject in greater detail. Consequently, each have formed their own definitions and models in accordance with their research on this subject . Most of the definitions given by the stress gurus in the past number of years, correspond with the definition used by the Founder of this subject, Dr Hans Seyle. His definition is regularly cited as : Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions.  [i]   In a similar context Griffin and Moorhead (Griffin, 2009) define stress as: Stress is a persons adaptive response to stimulus that places excessive psychological or physical demands on that person Therefore, one school of thought believes that a stress reaction is triggered when an individual faces a challenging situation. Whereas, Harrisons viewpoint on stress challenges the theory that stress is a symptomatic response to excessive demands placed on an individual and proposed that a stress reaction occurs when an individual is unable to adapt to circumstances imposed on them. In his book Theories of Organisational Stress Cooper quoted Harrison view that: stress arises when (1) the environment does not provide adequate supplies to meet a persons needs; or (2) the abilities of the person fall short of demands that are prerequisite of receiving supplies; (Cooper, 1998). Conventional Stress Theory Models There appears to be two conventional models relating to the subject matter. The stimulus based response relates to stressors that are believed to initiate reactions whereas the response based model which defines stress as a pattern of behavioural responses. Thus suggesting that an individuals stress coping mechanism will vary and that different stimuli ignite different responses. Field et al wrote the following Evidence is clear that different individuals respond to the same set of stimuli differently, but a single subject responds to different stimuli consistently. (Field, 1985) The work situation has the potential to create many stressful scenarios which generally are perceived negatively, however, in some instances the pressure to perform can drive those with an internal locus of control to perform more efficiently. (Levi, 1972). Instinct has taught man to assess situations and form opinions on whether the state of affairs is perceived as a challenge or hindrance stressor. Challenge stressors are a source of stress that have a positive direct effect on motivation and performance (Dubrin, 2009) whereas Hindrance stressors lead to de-motivation and impaired performance levels. Role Theory In order for any organisation to achieve its strategic goals and gain competitive advantage, it must have the correct set of resources and well defined standard operating processes in place. (St. John, 2010) Organisational objectives require the completion of a specific set of procedures which are usually assigned to various individuals within the organisation . Therefore, prior to recruitment stage the business entity is required to establish a manpower plan. This plan should include a job analysis, job descriptions and person specification for each role required (Nickson, 2007) . Associated with each role is a set of standards and norms of conduct that the role occupant (and others) expect from the holder of the position. (Bennet, 1994) To conduct their business activity, Hotels require a number of role specific positions within their organisational structure. One essential role is Sales. The simplest way to think of the nature and role of selling ( or salesmanship as it is sometimes termed) is to make a sale. This seemingly obvious statement disguises what is often a very complex process, involving the use of a whole set of principles, techniques and substantial personal skills, and covering a wide range of different selling types of selling task (Lancaster, 1994) Those employed by the organisation , will not only be expected to fulfil a specific set of duties in an efficient manner, but will also be required to align their behavioural practices in accordance with the Corporate Culture . (Dubrin, 2009) Role theory sees large organisations as systems of interlocking roles. These roles relate to what people do and what people expect of them rather than their individual identities (Stranks, 2005) . One inevitability that exists in a Service Orientated Environment e.g. a Hotel, is that each role within the organisational structure is interdependent. The capricious nature of the Hospitality business requires regular interactions with various people holding different positions within the service chain. Roles that involve selling an intangible service require a high level of interaction with the operational departments. Communication is vital to ensure that those providing the service will match or exceed the expectations that have been formed by the client when the sale was affected. The concept of the Psychological Contract reflects mutual expectations of those working within the same framework, each will form specific expectations and perceptions of an individuals performance level. Even those who do not have direct involvement in selling come into contact with it in their roles as consumers. Perhaps, because of this familiarity, many people have strong, and often misplaced, views about selling and sales people. (Lancaster, 1994) Many a time, when low occupancy levels exist, a large percentage of the hotel employees would point the finger of blame at the Sales Team. This coupled with clients raising expectations creates the need for a Sales Person to perform a balancing act to satisfy all stakeholders. In 2000 Wetzels, de Ruyter and Bloemer wrote : Another source of role stress for salespeople is the lack of empowerment and flexibility in trying to meet customers service expectations while following company guidelines (Knight, 2007) Research studies show that conflicting demands can cause confusion among employees and lead to the creation of stressful situations. (Kavitha, 2009) (Kavitha: 2009)  [ii]   Three factors that may contribute towards Role Stress are Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict and Role Overload. Role Stress A warning sign that indicates that role stress may be evident , is when an individual shows signs of being unable to fulfil their role. (Bennet, 1994). In 1978 Katz and Kahn describe the term role stress as: is the implied uncertainty felt when role incumbents think that they can not accomplish all the role demands (Fischer, 2010) There may be many factors that influence this condition such as a mismatch of role to the individual or even that the appropriate induction and on the job training may not been provided. In both instances, be it either a wrong recruitment decision or insufficient induction training has not been provided , the organisation is in fact setting the individual up for failure. Hence, the company has inadvertently created the situation through inadequate planning. Therefore, to minimise the instances a job description should be compiled. This will act as a blue print for the personnel specification which outlines the type of applicant the company is seeking (Lancaster, 1994) Role Ambiguity This source of occupational stress, stems from a lack of clarification of what is expected in terms of responsibilities , performance expectations and guidance through regular feedback. Role ambiguity denotes uncertainty about the expectations, behaviours, and consequences associated with a particular role (Cooper C. L.) Furthermore, when employees are uncertain of what their role entails it can have a negative affect on job satisfaction levels. Role ambiguity, the lack of clear and specific information regarding work role requirements, has also been linked repeatedly with job stress and low job satisfaction (Cordes, 1993) Role Conflict Most of the time, Sales teams are faced with the dilemma of having to meet the needs of conflicting objectives e.g. achieving the companys sales targets in addition to offering value to the customer. Therefore, it is common occurrence for conflicting obligations to arise simultaneously. According to the demand-job control model, workers experience most stress when the demands of the job are high, yet they have little control over the activity (Dubrin, 2009) There are two rules for anyone working in a service related industry :- The Customer is always right When the Customer is wrong refer back to rule number one. Sales workers are required to regulate their feelings and emotions to meet organisational goals (Grandey, 2000) Such situations can lead an Sales Person to have a conflict between personal and corporate values, having to mask ones feelings can lead to a moral dilemma. This issue may lead an individual to feel hindered and hence trigger a flight response which would lead the individual opt towards leaving the organization. (Cordes, 1993) Role Overload The idiom The early bird catches the worm could not be more apt for those involved in selling products or services. The current Economic Scenario coupled with crisis in Neighbouring States has escalated competitively between companies which are battling for the same business. Time is of the essence and the constraint of not having sufficient time can cause a great deal of stress. Role overload occurs when there are insufficient resources to meet the demands of all that is required. Role overload occurs when an incumbent has too many duties and responsibilities (Kruger, 2008) Highly driven individuals may choose to work longer hours in order to complete all their tasks. (Arnold J. J., 2005) . However, sustaining this working pattern over a prolonged period of time will take a toll on an employees wellbeing (Arnold J. J., 2005), Under such circumstances there is a tendency for an individual to reach a plateau, more commonly known as Job Burn Out. Dubrin describes Job Burn Out as a pattern of emotional and mental exhaustion in response to chronic job stress. When workers feel both physically and psychologically drained it often prompts them to consider leaving their current place of employment. (Yuen, 1998) . Latent turnover brings with it additional expenses to the company. i.e. recruitment and training costs for replacement plus the disruption it may cause to other workers who will be requested to share the burden of the workload until such time the new replacement is able to work up to full capacity levels. (Arnold J. J., 2005). Environment Some professions are more prone to stress than others. Each occupation has its own potential environmental sources of stress. (Arnold J. J., 2005) Often a work environment can impede productivity if the working area has not been planned to facilitate the work flow process. Factors that can contribute towards stress are poorly designed offices, inadequate ventilation, lighting of strategic location. (Atkin, 2009) The physical design of a workplace can be another potential source of stress. If an office is poorly designed, with personnel who require frequent contact spread throughout the building, poor communication networks can develop, resulting in role ambiguity and poor relationships (Arnold J. J., 2005) Locus of Control Julian B. Rotter, conducted research on personality type behaviours. His studies created a framework known as the Locus of Control. His hypothesis referred to individual perceptions over the control of events that may affect an individual. His theory concluded that those who believed that situations arise due to ones personal contribution are said to have a High Internal Locus of Control whereas those who believed that either fate, destiny or others had power over them have are said to have a Low Internal Locus of Control. (Dubrin, 2009) . Those working in Sales are often faced with rejection, when a client refuses their proposal. Highly competitive rates offered by the competition, rigid pricing policy, client preferences, more advantageous commissions and logistics are some but a few of the reasons why clients may refuse an offer. Regular rejection may gradually demoralise a Sales person and hence it is important for them to remain motivated. (Lancaster, 1994) . Training of Stress Management Techniques Generally organisations concentrate more on skills training than they do on stress management training. On the whole, it is presumed that individuals should instinctively know how to handle stressful situations and hence the general belief that organisational intervention is not required. There are three self help techniques that can be utilised for management of stress. (Dubrin, 2009) These are :- Control Symptom Management Escape Control There are several actions that an individual can take in order to control their stress levels such as learning to accept ones limitations. Those who strive for perfection are often intrinsically motivated and generate more stress on themselves than their superiors. Sometimes, from merely adapting ones work habits can have a substantial impact on reducing stress levels. Those who are highly driven should stop from time to time and take stock of their work- life balance (Rees, 2008). When a person neglects other aspects of life outside work, such as time with family, friends and physical exercise, the person is more likely to suffer from stress (Dubrin, 2009) Symptom Management Those who submit themselves to excessive amounts of pressure should learn a Relaxation Response Technique. Something as simple as a five minute day dream can allow the body to reset itself back to a normal pace. (Dubrin, 2009). Alternatively, by performing high output tasks when one feels that they at their physical peak time during the working day. Regular Physical Exercise can also help to combat stress and is far more beneficial stimulant than caffeine and nicotine. Infact, more progressive organisations are realising the benefits of exercise and are either including gym facilities for their team members to use during break times or free membership to the Gym. Escape More commonly known as the Flight Response, they may be occasions that the only way to combat stress is to remove the stressor from your life. Those who reach the precipice should consider their current skill set and which role would best suit their abilities. (Rees, 2008) Latent Turnover When a moderate amount of stress exists within the working environment, those who have an internal locus of control will not be defeated by a moderate level of challenge and often rise to the occasion through self motivation techniques . However, when excessive amounts of stress exist over a large span of time, it will lead towards more negative attitudes towards their job. According to the National Statistics Office of Malta,  [1]  Life Style Survey of 2007 only 29.7 % of respondents reported that they derive satisfaction from their current job. (NSO, 2007). In the local hospitality sector there has been a 0.7% decline to the workforce to 7.5%  [2]  . (NSO, Labour Force Survey: Q3/2010, 2010) It is estimated that 45 % of unwanted job turnover is stress related (Dubrin, 2009). This rather alarming figure demonstrates that there appears to be a strong correlation between occupational stress and turnover. Based on the review of all the relevant literature, the purpose of this study is to examine the following :- The sources of Stress for Hotel Sales Teams Their perceptions on stress Organisational Intervention Methods Whether constant levels of stress would prompt them to leave the Company.

Foul Play :: essays research papers

It was late in the evening. There was a man sitting in a chair and flipping channels eagerly between two baseball games on TV. The man's name was Les Sutton. He was a towering man standing 6'3". He was built, worked out a lot and looked like someone not to meet in a dark alley.Les was a detective. His skills of deduction were brilliant. He also had an assistant. Les's long time pal and partner's name was Jason Meisch. Jason was also very tall but he was more lanky, built more like a basketball player. He was also extremely bright but not as intelligent as Les. Although Les was his best friend and the same age, Jason still looked up to him like little kids look up to adults, with pure awe and admiration.The next day after Les had been channel surfing for baseball games, he and Jason got together and didn't have anything to do. Being the huge baseball fans that they were and living in the state of California where baseball is everywhere, they decided to go to a ballgame. They figured that they had a long boring afternoon in front of them so they went down to Chavez Ravine (the place where the LA Dodgers play) and got tickets to the Dodger game that was scheduled to start in about 15 minutes.Les and Jason were enjoying the game while eating hot dogs and drinking pop. The Dodgers were winning by the score of 5-4. Just then, catcher Mike Piazza, let another pitch go by him. "What the heck? Piazza is playing terrible today. He has let 4 balls by him and struck out all three times he has been at the plate," Les said.Jason agreed, "Yeah, that is kind of weird. I mean, he's an All-Star. It's not like him to play like this." The whole rest of the game they sat in their seats wondering why Mike Piazza was playing so bad. When they got home they were watching the news. They had a funny story on about how in Las Vegas there was a lot of money lost on that game because the Dodgers lost 7-5. As they watched that story they both looked at each other and exclaimed, "Piazza threw the game!"They didn't have anything else to do so they decided to try to figure out who paid Piazza to throw the game.

Chinese Foreign Policy Essay

Specific portfolio. (See â€Å"Collective Leadership.†) To ensure Party control, the top-ranked members of the PSC serve concurrently as the heads of other parts of the political system. The top ranked PSC member, Party General Secretary Hu Jintao, for example, serves concurrently as head of the military, in his capacity as head of Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and as the head of State, in his capacity as State President. The second-ranked PSC member, Wu Bangguo, serves as Chairman of the National People’s Congress (NPC), while the third-ranked PSC member, Wen Jiabao, serves as Premier of the State Council, and the fourth-ranked member, Jia Qinglin, heads the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and oversees the Party’s relations with non-Communist groups. Portfolios for other PSC members include the propaganda system; management of the Party bureaucracy and Hong Kong and Macau; finance and economics; Party discipline; and the internal security system. 32 PSC members also head Party â€Å"Leading Small Groups† (LSGs) for their policy areas. LSGs are secretive bodies intended to facilitate cross-agency coordination in implementation of Politburo Standing Committee decisions. The National Security Leading Small Group and the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group, for example, are both headed by Party General Secretary Hu Jintao. The next highest decision-making body is the full Politburo, which, with the suspension of the disgraced former Chongqing Party Secretary, Bo Xilai, now comprises 24 officials. In addition to the nine members of the PSC, Politburo members include the heads of major departments of the Party bureaucracy, the two highest ranking officers in the Chinese military, State Council Vice Premiers, a State Councilor, and Party leaders from important cities and provinces. The current Politburo has only one female member. Because of its relatively unwieldy size and the geographic diversity of its members, the full Politburo is not involved in day-to-day decision-making. In 2011, it met eight times, with its meetings often focused on a single major policy area or on preparations for major national meetings. According to the Party’s constitution, the PSC and Politburo derive their power from the Central Committee, whose full and alternate members together â€Å"elect† the Politburo, Politburo Standing Committee, and Party General Secretary, and â€Å"decide† on the composition of the Party’s Central Military Commission.34 In practice, incumbent top officials provide a list of nominees to the Central Committee, which ratifies the leadership’s nominees.35 The current nearly 400-member Central Committee (including alternates) is made up of leaders from the provinces (41.5%), central ministries (22.6%), the military (17.5 %), central Party organizations (5.9%), and stateowned enterprises, educational institutions, â€Å"mass organizations† such as the Communist Youth League, and other constituencies (12.4%). The National People’s Congress (NPC) The third major political institution in China is the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s unicameral national legislature. According to Article 57 of China’s constitution, the NPC is â€Å"the highest organ of state power.† The Constitution tasks the NPC with overseeing the Presidency, the State Council, the State Central Military Commission, the Supreme People’s Court, and China’s national level public prosecutor’s office, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. In practice, however, the NPC’s powers are severely limited, and the entire entity operates under the leadership of the Communist Party. The public theater of the NPC’s work is centered around its ten-day-long annual full session, held every March and attended by all of the NPC’s nearly 3,000 deputies. The next full session, in March 2013, will mark the start of a new five-year Congress, and is expected to approve a major leadership transition, including a new President and Premier, and new Vice Premiers and State Councilors. At the annual full sessions, NPC deputies almost always vote to approve the reports, laws, and candidates put before them, usually by overwhelming margins, leading many observers to describe the NPC as a â€Å"rubber stamp† parliament. NPC delegates do occasionally push back, however. At the March 2012 session of the NPC, for example, a record 20% of deputies withheld their support from the Ministry of Finance’s budget report, reportedly in protest over the Ministry’s longstanding refusal to accept any NPC suggestions for revisions to the budget.47 (Unlike the U.S. Congress, the National People’s Congress does not pass spending bills. Rather, at the annual full session each year, it votes to approve the budget presented by the Minister of Finance.) The NPC also makes revisions to the Premier’s annual report on the work of the government, the State’s most important policy document. Out of the public eye, individual committees and the Standing Committee exercise more meaningful influence. They shape legislation and can exercise a degree of oversight over government entities through â€Å"inspection† visits and committee reports. The power of individual NPC deputies to exercise oversight is largely restricted to the right to submit â€Å"proposals† advocating for reforms or demanding better implementation of laws or regulations, to which officials are required to respond in writing. Because the annual full session of the congress is so brief, much of the NPC’s work is undertaken by its approximately 175-member Standing Committee, which meets about half a dozen times a year.48 Other important NPC bodies include nine specialized committees and a legislative affairs work committee, all of which review and revise draft legislation before sending it to the Standing Committee or the full Congress for action. Like the State Council, the NPC has a Party organization embedded within it. The NPC’s chairman serves on the Politburo Standing Committee and is currently the Party’s number-two ranked official. NPC deputies are not directly elected. The Communist Party draws up lists of nominees, based in part on potential nominees’ perceived loyalty to the Party. Thirty-five electoral units, most of them provincial-level People’s Congresses, then vote upon the Party’s nominees. The process is modestly competitive in that the Party nominates 20% to 50% more candidates than available positions and those with the most votes are elected to serve as NPC deputies. NPC election rules stipulate quotas for the representation of ethnic minority groups, the military, women, and other groups, including the Party itself. Because China rejects any separation of powers, the President, Premier, and other top leaders are all NPC deputies. 49 Deputies serve for five-year terms. The NPC is the uppermost layer of a nation-wide system of People’s Congresses. These congresses are loosely linked together in process and function. Only deputies for the lowest level of People’s Congresses are directly elected. Traditionally, even at the lowest level, candidate lists are controlled by the Party, and elections are uncontested. Since 2011, however, China has seen a wave of independent candidates contesting elections for People’s Congresses in city districts and townships. Most such candidates have faced forms of official harassment, including intrusive surveillance, extra-legal detention, intimidation of their supporters, and election irregularities designed to keep them from appearing on ballots, but some have succeeded in being elected to office. Corruption Corruption in China is widespread and takes many forms, from lavish gifts and expensive meals bestowed on officials by those seeking favors, to bribes explicitly offered in exchange for permits and approvals, to embezzlement of state funds, exemption of friends and relatives from enforcement of laws and regulations, and the appointment of relatives to lucrative jobs in stateowned companies. A 2011 report released by China’s Central Bank estimated that from the mid- 1990s to 2008, corrupt officials who fled overseas took with them $120 billion in stolen funds.28 The CCP uses its Central Discipline Inspection Commission (CDIC) to police its own ranks for corruption, an arrangement fraught with conflicts of interest. As noted above, the Party metes out its own punishments for wrongdoing by its members, and has sole discretion about whether to hand members over to the state judiciary for investigation and possible prosecution. (See â€Å"Weak Rule of Law and Ineffective Policy Implementation and Enforcement.†) Critics charge that CDIC investigations are frequently politically motivated, even if they uncover real wrongdoing. Officials who keep on the right side of their superiors and colleagues may engage in large-scale corruption, while other officials may be investigated for lesser infractions because they have fallen afoul of powerful officials.