Upton Sinclair Essays (756 words) - Criticism Of Christianity

Upton Sinclair READ ALL ABOUT IT... UPTON SINCLAIR!! ?My cause is the Cause of a man who has never yet been defeated, and whose whole being is one all devouring, God-given holy purpose?, declared Upton Beall Sinclair. This man is not only an American novelist, essayist, journalist, but also deeply involved in politics. He has accomplished so many things throughout his life span, it is tough to compare him to anyone else. Until Sinclair was in his later life, he was an unknown failure to many, but then for forty years after that, he was America's most important writer. Sinclair was born in Baltimore on the 20th of September in 1878. He was born in near poverty conditions to his dysfunctional family consisting of his father who drank himself to death, and his mother a southern aristocrat. He taught himself to read and write by the time he was five years old. By the time he was 14, he had already graduated the City College of New York. He furthered his education by becoming a special student at Columbia University. He was supporting himself and paying his own way through his education by writing and selling book. While at Columbia University he was inspired by another student to write even more novels. He started writing weekly novels consisting of more than 30,000 words and selling them as ?half-dime novels?. With the frustration of trying to make it on such little profit, he left Columbia University. Once Sinclair left, he started his first real novel entitled Springtime and Harvest. Publishers did not see his point to the novel, so they figured no one else would and with much disappointment, turned down the novel. ?In order to succeed, one must fail at least once? was often a quote used by Sinclair. He followed this quote often due to the next couple of novels he wrote. Within the two years, he wrote four long novels, and all were reviewed negatively and very few had sales. 1906 was Sinclair's lucky year. In years earlier, he would often fight for free speech and write about politics, but he decided to try a new approach this year. Sinclair is most famous for the novel he wrote this year entitled The Jungle. As for the rejection, six publishers turned him down on the book at first, so Sinclair decided to publish the book himself. One publisher wrote ? I advise without hesitation and unreservedly against the publications of this book which is gloom and horror unrelieved. One feels that what is at the bottom of his fierceness is not nearly so much desire to help the poor as hatred of the rich.? To prove this publisher wrong, Sinclair advertised for his book, and received orders for 972 copies of The Jungle. Within in the next couple of years, more than 150,000 copies were sold, and the book was printed in seventeen different languages and was a best seller all over the world. During this period of time, the President of the United States was Theodore Roosevelt. He read The Jungle, and immediately following he declared an investigation of the meat-packing industry. Although Roosevelt was not happy with such a book, he was not happy at what he saw in the industries he investigated. The impact of this book, had the same impact as Harriet Beecher Stowe's book called Uncle Tom's Cabin. With the profit made from The Jungle, Sinclair decided to build the Helicon Hall. This was a utopian community that contained all of the virtues he believed in for socialism. On November 1, 1906 this building was opened. Over $30,000 was invested in this utopia. Journalists remarked that the Helicon Hall was only built for a ?free love nest? just to have mistresses available, but truly it was a communal living hall for families upholding high moral standards. Sinclair's greatest hero was that of Jesus Christ, so to have such stereotypes journalists should rethink what they might have said. Not even a year later, on March 7, 1907, Sinclair awoke to the smell of smoke and cries of fire. He made his way outside, half burned, and looked back upon his dream as it went disappeared. ?The beautiful utopia was flaming and roaring, until it crashed in and died away to a dull glow? Sinclair recalled. Some say that the Helicon Hall was only built to burn down for insurance collecting, but actually insurance only paid for about two-thirds of the damage and Sinclair ended up paying for the other damage. The profit he made on The Jungle was now lost. Years would go by, and Sinclair would continue writing novels, poems, and pretty much everything.

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon In psycholinguistics, the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is that feeling that a name, word, or phrase- though momentarily unrecallable- is known and will soon be recalled. According to linguist  George Yule, the  tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  mainly occurs with uncommon words and names. [S]peakers generally have an accurate phonological outline of the word, can get the initial sound correct and mostly know the number of syllables in the word (The Study of Language, 2014). Examples and Observations: Whats the name of that stuff I wanted to tell your mother to use?Wait a second. I know.Its on the tip of my tongue, she said.Wait a second. I know.You know the stuff I mean.The sleep stuff or the indigestion?Its on the tip of my tongue.Wait a second. Wait a second. I know.(Don DeLillo, Underworld. Scribner, 1997)You know, the actor guy! Oh, what is his name? See, the thing is, the thing is, the thing is that when I say his name, youll go, Yes! The actor guy, love him, adore him . . .. But I cant think of his name. Its on the tip of my tongue. You know who I mean. Hes got the hair, the eyes, a bit of a nose, and a mouth, and its all held together with, like, a face! (Frank Woodley, The Adventures of Lano Woodley, 1997)The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (henceforth, TOT) straddles the line between what we think of as memory and what we think of as language, two closely related cognitive domains that have been studied somewhat independently of each other. . . . The implications of whethe r TOT is memory-related or language-related has different implications. Consider the following example. Political pundits used to make fun of former President George H. Bush because of his frequent word-finding failures. Despite his obvious depth of knowledge and expertise, his speech was sometimes characterized by pauses suggesting a failure to recall a known word. His deficit was usually attributed to absent-mindedness, rather than a lack of clear thinking. In other words, it was dismissed as a language-production failure, not a more consequential memory failure. His son, President George W. Bush, suffers from a similar affliction. However, the sons speech errors (e.g., Kosovarians, subliminable) are often interpreted as a lack of knowledge, and therefore, a learning deficit; a more consequential one for a president. (Bennett L. Schwartz, Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Routledge, 2002) The TOT state demonstrates that it is possible to hold the meaning of a word in ones mind without necessarily being able to retrieve its form. This has suggested to commentators that a lexical entry falls into two distinct parts, one relating to form and one to meaning, and that one may be accessed without the other. In assembling speech, we first identify a given word by some kind of abstract meaning code and only later insert its actual phonological form into the utterance we are planning. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Also Known As: TOT Also see: Bathtub EffectMemorySlip of the TongueWhat Are Placeholders in English?

Business Systems Development and Implementation Essay

Business Systems Development and Implementation - Essay Example Many of the projects became a failure due to lack of proper skills in order to undertake these projects successfully. On the other hand the companies which initiated and successfully implemented these projects enjoyed the hyper growth. In order to make these projects different tools and techniques were introduced by the management gurus in order to increase the success rate of these projects. The implementation cost of the new information system often have some hidden costs which cannot be calculated at the beginning of a project (Anderson and Dawes, 1991). Often workers are required to be trained to effectively use the technology being implemented but this training reduce the working hours. Currid (1995) states the same fact as: When a new system is introduced, it rocks day-to-day activity so much that some people don't adjust quickly. They stay less productive than they were without the new computer. And, if this situation goes unchecked, they may never recover. In Standish Group's CHAOS Report, the group analysed 8380 Information projects that were underway in 365 companies and reported failure and success rates. The report used some indicators and divided the companies into following three categories which are as follows: Resolution Type 2 is "Project Challenged." These were completed, but were over cost, over time, and/or lacking all of the features and functions that were originally specified. 52.7% of all studied projects fell into this Resolution Type 2 (Challenged) category. Resolution Type 3 is termed "Project Impaired/Failed." These projects were abandoned or cancelled at some point and thus became total losses. A disturbing 31.1% of all studied p

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example If we analyze the trend of rate of return of bonds in table 1 we get to know that fluctuation is higher than cash but on the other hand much better return is being generated as compared to cash. Average rate of return is more than double of that of cash but again standard deviation is high representing high rate of risk. Many people know about the property investments. Property investment is usually in shape of build home or any other type of building; that appreciate or devalue in value and provides a normal profits known as â€Å"rent†.Normally property investment generates a satisfactory returns as compared to cash and bonds but has more risk .According to data in Table1 the rate of reurns from year 1992 to 2006 is getting appreciated and overall average expected rate of return better than cash or bonds but inevitably results in greater risk or standard deviation. A share is companied issued legal document, which has some value in the market. Company’s Ownership can be in the shape of trade investment. Subsidiary or associate. It specifies the right of share holding pr voting power and also determines the amount of dividend to be received. Usually return from share is in the shape of dividends given by the companies. The possibility that Investor will lose money when they invest in a company that has debt, if the companys cash flow proves inadequate to meet its financial obligations.In other words risk of getting loss instead of profit is financial risk. The rate of return depends upon the risk associated with that investment. The greater the risk, the larger the return that is they are directly proportional to each other. This is one of the most fundamental relations in finance. The rate of return is what you earn on an investment, stated in percentage terms.If we analyze portfolio Kappa and Omega we can see that average expected rate of return are 7% and 8% approximately where as there risk or standard deviation is 4%

Activity 1 - Ford & Taylorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activity 1 - Ford & Taylorism - Assignment Example Workers in these three countries are accustomed to industrialization and most of the manufacturing companies within these countries currently apply the Taylorism management technique, which means that workers presently receive specialized training on various tasks and hence they can perform better in specified tasks. According to Lewis & McDermott (2006), the best script for call centers must consider the customer’s journey. Customers journey include designing a matrix of customer needs against solutions been offered in order to map the foundation of the intended customer interaction and make sure every interaction is covered. Taylourism is evident in this because the principle of scientific management is brought out clear in the aspect of deciding or planning the work in advance, and also in the determination of standards of performance. The advantages of a bureaucratic organization is that each role is standardized. It fosters specialized skills, which then eliminate the immanent judgment. Therefore, it is correct to argue that industrialized areas within the World would highly prefer the ideas of Taylorism

Spanish Power in the Americas

Spanish Power in the Americas What were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas? Can it properly be described as an empire? To answer this question, in this essay, the historical background of Spanish power in the America will first be introduced briefly. Then, the principle features of its power in Americas will be demonstrated. For the second part of the question, to answer this, the features of an empire will first be explicitly interpreted. Then, by comparing the features of Spanish power in Americas and features of a typical empire, we can tangibly describe that Spanish power in Americas was indeed an empire. An Overview Back to the medieval era of Iberia peninsula, when Ferdinand II of Aragon married the Queen of Castile, Isabella, the two Crowns became known as the Catholic Monarchs. Then, the alignment of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon emerged a political authoritarian system, which then be known as the Spanish monarchy[1]. As the Crown of Castile funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spanish monarchy took the leading into the Age of Exploration. With the followed Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish expanded its power all over the world step by step, and its prosperities of political and economic power emerged from 16th to 18th centuries during the Habsburgs dynasty of Spain. The so called empire was eventually controlled by the Spanish Crown and governed territories and in Europe, America, established colonies in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Over persisted for three centuries, the Spains Empire’s power was diminished by Napoleon’s conquest in 1808, and lost lots of colonies. After Spain defeated in the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spain gave up its power in the Caribbean and the Pacific areas, and lost its dominance in global affairs[2]. Principle Features The Spanish power in Americas did have its features, so did any other political power. Each of the power has its own features such as reasons of emerging, time of starting, group people who are driven, and range of influence. Taking Spanish power in Americas as an example, reason of it emerging was taking advantages of Age of Exploration, seeking overseas fortunes; time of starting was late of 15th centuries; group people who are driven were Spaniards and their allies, range of influence was staring from Americas, eventually impacted on global extent. These indeed were the features of Spanish power, which give us a most intuitively objective view of it. Based on these aspects of features, other political powers such as Roman Empire, British Empire as well as Portuguese Empire can also be introduced. However, these features could not more effectively to distinct them from one of other. It has a similar insufficiency that to describe Japanese as they have black eyes and yellow skin, bu t could not differentiate them from Chinese. At least, based on their differences in languages, which are Japanese and Mandarin, and their unlikeness of their culture, such as believe in Shintoism or Confucianism, these two groups of people can possibly be well distinguished. So do political powers such as Spanish empire. What on earth to differentiate Spanish power from the similar power, such as English power at the same era and venues, would actually be the principle features of it. Therefore, in order to answer the question that â€Å"what were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas?† features of Spanish power in a deeper essence will be demonstrated in this section. 1. Collaboration The first principle feature of Spanish power is highly dependent on collaboration. The Spaniards like all other people in the history, they were eager to prove their distinction and prowess. With the bravery of taking the risks of ventures, they eventually possess the great fortune of the New World. However, what they have of their own, are purely perseverance. British historian Henry Kamen mentioned in his work, that the Spain was a poor country; its power was never based on its own resources or its own contribution[3]. Evidence of this comment can be found at the very start of Spanish power in Americas. Although in 1492, Castile was already competing with Portugal to discover the Far East through sea-lane, they could not constitute their own venture team. Only when a Genoese sailor, Christopher Columbus attempted to reach Cipangu by sailing west, the Catholic Monarchs finally found the ideal proxy. With negotiation and offered funds, Catholic Monarchs somehow expand their authoriti es nominally by commissioning Christopher Columbus as a Spanish viceroy and governor of the lands he already founded as well as those he could reach from then on[4]. Followed in the effective way of Columbus, the conquistador, the Spanish Monarchs applied military power in colonization of America. Although the Catholic Monarchs found the military forces were vital to maintain their advantages in Americas, the Castilians were more willing to let others defend and exploit the empire for them[5]. The, the most effective way that Spaniards came up was manoeuvring powers of nations that with hostility, the indigenous peoples who were rivals, and tribes that were competing with each other. In order to defeat their powerful enemies, some of the nations, indigenous people and tribes have to align with the Spanish, howbeit the Spanish was borrowed power from them. Through this way, Spaniards could circumspectly keep the power to conquer and rule the land they found. Besides borrowed the mili tary forces from others, Spaniards were never offering an innovation advantage such as agriculture or architecture technique from Europe to savage Americas. Kamen argued that the only reason why Spain could leap to an empire was because it receive capital, labours from all other associated people, â€Å"without the help of allies, the Spaniards would have had neither the soldiers nor the ships nor the money to achieve what they did.†[6] Their effort was foresight changes of technology, biology, and economy, and brought their colonies into these processes. Spaniards were the catalysts that enable others development. With sharing the mutual interests with Spaniards, the Spanish power had the association to become empire. 2. Catholicism Superiority During conflict between Catholics and Protestants emerged in Europe in 16th centuries, the devotional Spaniards saw the new-founded world was an ideal place to baptize more new Catholics. As they regard the Americas as a barbarian world, their Catholicism superiority endow them with a mission besides the exploiting, which was â€Å"reducing the savage people to Christianity and civility.†[7] More opinionatedly, the Spaniards judged whether people were uncivilized or not based on whether they have true faith to Christian God. However, as last, the Spanish believe the god do not abandoned the unconverted barbarian, they were passionate to be the missionaries. The intensity of Spaniards to convert indigenous people to Christianity is the way of Catholic Monarchs of their spiritual preoccupation. In this way, Spaniards would easier to maintain its imperial domination of their colonies. 3. Linguistic and Anthropological Integration Unlike other colonial power, although Spaniards discriminated people in the New World religiously, they were still willing to integrate with Americas locals in comprehensive ways such as language and intermarriages. No matter how Henry Kamen accentuated in his work that Spaniards were totally failed in language integration in Americas[8], the reality we could not ignore is, with the fact that the Spanish language is the official or national language of 19 countries in the Americas and totally at least 418 million native speakers in the Hemisphere, the Spanish language is indeed the second most widely spoken language in the world presently[9]. Doubtless, this is due to the intended linguistic integration in the era of Spanish Americas. The Spanish also reduced linguistic pluralism and aggregate the multiple tribal languages to Nahuarl in order to further introduce Spanish. â€Å"Language has always been the companion of empire† said be Antonio de Nebrjia when he first learnt th e Castilian in 1492[10]. Besides linguistic integration, one more efficient way to strengthen the integration from both linguistic and religious, mentioned in previous paragraph, is anthropological integration. The way of the integration was inter-ethnic marriage. In the year of 1503, the new governor Nicolas de Ovando received instruction from the Catholic Monarchs, â€Å"try to get some Christian men to marry Indian women, and Christian women to marry Indian men, so that they can communicate with each other, and the Indian can be indoctrinated in our Holy Catholic Faith.†[11] The method of indiscriminately blending races and culture inherent magnified the influence of Spanish empire domination, that in the present world, people in this hemisphere have lived in highly diversification. A Proper Empire To briefly answer the second part of question, which whether the Spanish power in Americas can properly be described as an empire, the answer should be certain. In order to well explain this conclusion, the typical empire with its essential features would firstly be introduced in this section. In the followed part, by drawing the comparison between Spanish powers to the typical empire, it would be more convincing that Spanish power in Americas was an empire. What is an empire? Maier in his work gave the proper description. In the classical sense, it is believed that firstly, the power has its desire to expand its domination by introducing conquest. Secondly, the power requests its territories maintain their political loyalty to their suzerain[12]. In the case of Spanish power in Americas, it is obviously that Spaniards had the desire to expand its territories and gain fortune from the land they newly discovered. Hence, the Catholic Monarchs would fund Christopher Columbus as their proxy threw themselves into the wave of age of exploration. Besides Columbus was funded by the Catholic Monarchs, more importantly, he was commissioned as official and governed the land, including rights to exploit, to settle, and the privilege to taxing. All of these were under the authority and sovereignty of the Crown of Castile. Moreover, the crown quickly cancelled its supporting of Columbus and suspend his privileges, then turned to apply more direct cont rol from the Crown over the territory. The way that the Catholic Monarchs enhancing its sovereignty was by changing the governors in the Americas frequently. After Columbus, Francisco de Bobadilla appointed as governor of the Indies with civil rights, however, he was soon replaced by Nicolà ¡s de Ovando in September 1501[13]. Hereby the Crown would tighten its control in the new territories. Hence the Spanish power enhanced its territories loyalty to their suzerain, represented by the Catholic Monarchs, which was the typical model of empire. With its blooming imperialism, more and more Spanish colonies were established on the land of Americas sequentially that New Granada was founded in the 1530s, Lima pointed as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1535, Buenos Aires was established in 1536 and followed by Santiago in 1541[14]. Therefore, the Spanish empire that established starting on the hemisphere of Americas actually became the first one that been called â€Å"the empire on which the sun never sets†. Another aspect of a political power to become empire or imperialism which Maier demonstrated is, the empire power formulate an imperial economic system between the dominated empire and its territories, â€Å"economic development and commercial ties must ultimately spell the end of conquest and militarism†[15]. The Spanish power established the imperialism economy in Americas mainly through the sliver exploitation. As the medieval aristocrats in Spain prejudicially regarded manual work as dishonourable way to live, they had no interests to develop their economy and cumulate their fortune through the commerce of production of manufactures or the improvement of agriculture. What they fascinated in is exploiting the vast amount of silver mines from Americas. The excessive investment of labour and aspiration in importing silver eventually made Spanish lack of power to produce goods for living domestically, resulted as they were ultimately relying on foreign sources of raw materials and manufactured goods. Thus, in its imperialism economy, the colonizer snatched silver and gold from Americas, used part of it to trade necessary manufactured goods such as tea and silks from Arabic and later on China. By the end of 16th century, silver from the Americas took 20% of Spains total budget[16]. Even the worlds silver stock was boosted for two to three times because of the increasing amount of silver was unmined from the Americas. Official records of Spain indicate that more than three out of four of the silver was imported from the Americas to Spain and only less than a quarter of the silver was taken across the Pacific shipping to China[17]. This was how the imperialism economy established by Spanish to force the resources and labour serve the Spanish empire. Conclusion The principle features of Spanish power in Americas was collaborate with its allies, spread Catholicism faith through sermon, applied linguistic and anthropological integration by enhance inter-ethnic marriages. Spanish power in Americas was certainly empire force, as it expanded its domination by conquering territories across the hemisphere and strengthened the political loyalty of its territories to their suzerain, which was the Spanish Crown. Bibliography C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24-77. Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 Farazmand, Ali (1994). Handbook of bureaucracy. M. Dekker. pp.12–13 Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.18-34 H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Chapter 1, pp.1. Pearson Education. H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, pp. 487-512. Penguin Press. J.Elliott, S.Newman and A.McFarlane (2010), Revolutions! US and Spanish American Independence Movements Compared, Eccles Centre, British Library J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66, Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34 McAlister, Lyle N. (1984), Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. pp.69 Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. P.Seed (2001), ‘Sustaining Political Identities: The Moral Boundary between Nations and Colonizers’, Ch.7 of American Pentimento. The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches, Minnesota, pp.113-134 Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [1] H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Pearson Education. Chapter 1, pp.1. [2] Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.21 [3] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp. 488-489. [4] McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. U of Minnesota Press. p.69 [5] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.490 [6] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.489 [7] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66 [8] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.499 [9] Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [10] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.31. [11] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, Yale, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’,pp.81 [12] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24. [13] Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 [14] Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. [15] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.48. [16] Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) [17] Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34

Discuss how fear undermines the moral integrity of many of the :: English Literature

Discuss how fear undermines the moral integrity of many of the characters involved 'The Crucible' is a play based on the 17th century Salemwitch hunts. It is also a parable for the events in McCarthy's era in the U.S.A which was a high profile topic at the time it was written. The play is about people who are wrongly accused of helping the devil. 'The Crucible' was written by Arthur Miller and was first performed in 1953, New York. It is set in a puritanical society where the people believe in hard work and little luxury. Their life is based around God, the Bible and the 'Ten commandments'. They're joyless and God-fearing. Pride and integrity are extremely important to them. They're obsessed and fearful of sin, damnation and the devil. Fear is an abstract emotion, it causes people to worry, become nervous and sometimes act in an irrational manner. People can be 'fearful' of many different things. It could be that you or someone you care about is in danger or that you are scared of someone or something. It makes people conscious and aware of what is happening around them or what could happen. It is induced by something frightening, whether it be justified or not (it could be about nothing, paranoia). Fear is often provoked by the unknown, for example the devil in 'The Crucible'. People are very cautious of phenomenon that they are ignorant of or that cannot be explained. A fear that is particularly relevant to the play is, fear of losing their good reputation. Fear can have a major effect on society, especially one as puritanical as Salem. It fuels existing tensions and turns people against each other. People become suspicious of everyone and trust no-one. They accuse their enemies and even their friends. Fear causes people to protect themselves and their pride even at the expense of other of other people's lives! One lie can lead to a dozen as an allegation spirals out of control. People pride themselves on their moral integrity in the town of Salem. 'Moral integrity' is where people live by God's rules and their own principles. They try to keep a good reputation and do the 'right thing'. It is a sort of 'standard' amongst the locals. However, once "the devil entered Salem", the moral integrity of people was at risk, as many people lost the integrity they had as it was all undermined by fear of the Devil, and of being accused. Mary Warren loses all moral integrity she once possessed at the end of 'The Crucible'. Mary is one of the only girls who does not join in Discuss how fear undermines the moral integrity of many of the :: English Literature Discuss how fear undermines the moral integrity of many of the characters involved 'The Crucible' is a play based on the 17th century Salemwitch hunts. It is also a parable for the events in McCarthy's era in the U.S.A which was a high profile topic at the time it was written. The play is about people who are wrongly accused of helping the devil. 'The Crucible' was written by Arthur Miller and was first performed in 1953, New York. It is set in a puritanical society where the people believe in hard work and little luxury. Their life is based around God, the Bible and the 'Ten commandments'. They're joyless and God-fearing. Pride and integrity are extremely important to them. They're obsessed and fearful of sin, damnation and the devil. Fear is an abstract emotion, it causes people to worry, become nervous and sometimes act in an irrational manner. People can be 'fearful' of many different things. It could be that you or someone you care about is in danger or that you are scared of someone or something. It makes people conscious and aware of what is happening around them or what could happen. It is induced by something frightening, whether it be justified or not (it could be about nothing, paranoia). Fear is often provoked by the unknown, for example the devil in 'The Crucible'. People are very cautious of phenomenon that they are ignorant of or that cannot be explained. A fear that is particularly relevant to the play is, fear of losing their good reputation. Fear can have a major effect on society, especially one as puritanical as Salem. It fuels existing tensions and turns people against each other. People become suspicious of everyone and trust no-one. They accuse their enemies and even their friends. Fear causes people to protect themselves and their pride even at the expense of other of other people's lives! One lie can lead to a dozen as an allegation spirals out of control. People pride themselves on their moral integrity in the town of Salem. 'Moral integrity' is where people live by God's rules and their own principles. They try to keep a good reputation and do the 'right thing'. It is a sort of 'standard' amongst the locals. However, once "the devil entered Salem", the moral integrity of people was at risk, as many people lost the integrity they had as it was all undermined by fear of the Devil, and of being accused. Mary Warren loses all moral integrity she once possessed at the end of 'The Crucible'. Mary is one of the only girls who does not join in

Cultural Destruction Essay

Development of society has forced the Native culture to vanish due to the break their tradition has undergone in the past. The Natives were forced to adapt the white tradition thinking it would benefit them in the long-run. Both â€Å"The Loons† by Margaret Laurence and â€Å"Compatriots† by Emma Lee Warrior portray similar messages about the Natives. The main characters Hilda and Vanessa represent ignorance because of their stereotypical nature towards the culture. However, as Vanessa matures she goes through a realization and understands the sorrow and pain of Piquette and her tradition other than herself. Vanessa’s final understanding of Piquette’s life and culture symbolizes the loons. Both short stories reveal the lack of knowledge and understanding the white society knows about the Natives. The perception that Vanessa classifies Piquette as shows how ignorant and narrow-minded she is as a child. The knowledge young Vanessa has about the Natives are based on stereotypes from her peers, which only consists of their physical appearance and territory. â€Å"It seems to me that Piquette must be in the same way a daughter of the forest, a kind of junior prophetess of the wilds, who might impart me, if I took the right approach, some of the secrets which she undoubtedly knew-where the whirlpool made her nest, how the coyote reared her young, or whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha† (Laurence 112). This description of Native life shows the reader that Vanessa really has no clue what Piquette’s life is like, she may live in a forest but her secrets are dark and deep. Vanessa thinks that if she leaves Piquette with a good first impression then she’d reveal those secrets to her. Young Vanessa most likely picked up this stereotypical opinion from her surroundings, which is seemingly a vision from the white society’s point of view. However, Vanessa’s perspective is limited because she is born as part of the white culture. Due to Piquette constantly brushing Vanessa aside when she attempts to be friendly kills Vanessa’s beliefs to what it means to be a Native. In addition, Hilda as well shows ignorance towards the Natives. Hilda also has an ignorant view of the Native culture. Hilda is anxious to learn about the Indians and their tradition as she follows Lucy around seeking for â€Å"real† Native experiences. She searches for Helmut in hopes of fulfilling her desire to understand the complex history and modern day reconstruction of the Native culture. â€Å"’I want to see him,’ Hilda said, ’I heard about him and I read a book he wrote. He seems to know a lot about the Indians, and he’s been accepted into their religious society. I hope he can tell me things I can take home. People in Germany are really interested in Indians. They even have clubs’† (Warrior 171-172). Hilda believes that Helmut knows a lot of information about the Native’s lifestyle due to the fact that he wrote a book about them and also dresses like them. Her being narrow-minded blocks the true perception of Helmut being phony because the Native’s themselves are not concerned of their own culture. â€Å"Shit, that guy’s just a phony. How could anybody turn into something else? Huh? I don’t think I could turn into a white man if I tried all my life. They wouldn’t let me, so how does that German think he can be an Indian- they’re crazy† (Warrior 174). This statement proves the inequality in our society between the Natives and whites, the option of ethnic change remains both socially and politically acceptable for those with privilege and power only. Although, young Vanessa and Hilda are perceived as ignorant, young Vanessa has an epiphany at the end of the story. As Vanessa matures, she goes through a sudden realization of everything that happened at Diamond Lake during that summer with Piquette. Many things has cause Vanessa’s final understanding of Piquette’s struggles as she recognizes her father’s effort to try to open up her perspective to the bigger world when she was a child, forcing her to leave her boundaries due to Piquette’s stubbornness to express herself. The significance of her father’s effort becomes valuable to Vanessa when she returns to Diamond Lake and sees the changes. â€Å"The small pier which my father had built was gone, and in its place there was a large and solid pier built by the government, for Galloping Mountain was now a national park, and Diamond Lake had been renamed Lake Wapakata, for it was felt that an Indian name would have a greater appeal to tourists† (Laurence 119). The government’s idealization of  the lake shows how their ignorance connects with young Vanessa visualizing of Piquette as the â€Å"daughter of the forest†. Although, Vanessa’s knowledge of Piquette’s life is much clearer, she still doesn’t understand the Native culture. Vanessa also realizes that trying to gain more knowledge and understanding about the Native culture through Piquette won’t get her anywhere because Piquette is as clueless as her. She accepts that her understanding towards the tradition is not going anywhere further than what the white society views it. However, Vanessa acknowledges the effects the white society has done to the Tonnerres’ family and the Natives. Piquette had the mindset of an adult while growing up due to the struggles her family has undergone. â€Å"’The mother’s not there,’ my father replied. ‘She took off a few years back. Can’t say I blame her. Piquette cooks for them, and she says Lazarus would never do anything for himself as long as she’s there† (Laurence 110). The effects of hatred and discrimination they’ve gone through drove them into a dark hole of poverty causing Piquette’s mother to leave, which fully shaped her life. To cease ra cism, she marries a white man to attempt to acquire identity. â€Å"For the merest instant, then, I saw her. I really did see her, for the first and only time in all the years we had both lived in the same town. Her defiant face, momentarily, became unguarded and unmasked, and in her eyes there was a terrifying hope† (Laurence 117). Piqutte desperately tries to fit in with the white community that constantly rejects her and as a result, Piquette surrenders herself to them by marrying a white man to satisfy her craving to belong in the society. Also, another reason she marries a white man is because she refuses to let her children to go through the same treatment she experienced as a child. However, her husband either left her or she left him, which drove her to alcoholism. Vanessa uses the loons as a symbol to represent the Native culture and Piquette’s life. Vanessa uses the loons’ sadness and disappearance as a metaphor for Piquette’s life. The government destroying the loons’ natural habitat represents the white society invading the Native’s territory. The government spoils the wilderness, the most important thing they should value. â€Å"It seemed to me now that in some unconscious and totally unrecognised way,  Piquette might have been the only one, after all, who had heard the crying of the loons† (Laurence 120). The white society misunderstood Piquette and her culture instead of embracing them. Piqutte is the only one who understood the crying of the loons due to the similar struggle they’re going through. â€Å"Perhaps they had gone away to some far place of belonging. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not† (Laurence 120). The loons either died or left Diamond Lake trying to find another place to fulfill their needs because they’re forced to leave the society by ignorant people, just like Piquette and the Natives. In conclusion, the Native culture in today’s society is scattered due to the destruction the culture experienced in the past. The white culture thought it was a good idea to get rid of the Natives thinking it’ll help them, but in reality it just made many lives miserable. People are trying to revive the culture by learning about the tradition, but since it wasn’t passed down to generations, people only practice the information they think they know.

Teen Pregnancy Causes, Effects and Prevention

Teen Pregnancy Causes, Effects and Prevention Introduction Teenage pregnancy is the pregnancy of underage girls during their adolescent period, normally between the ages of 13 to 19 but this range varies depending on the age of the menarche and the legal age of adulthood, which varies from one country to another. The rate of teen pregnancy is on the rise world wide due to changing lifestyles and increased fertility rate hence raising lot of social and economic concerns in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy: Causes, Effects and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes The possible causes and predisposing factors of teenage pregnancies are early marriages, sexual activity during adolescence, inadequate sex education, sexual abuse, pornography, drug abuse, lower education levels, and high poverty levels. Socioeconomic Effects Teenage pregnancies results into the dropouts of the teenage girls from schools. The dropouts mostly affec t high school girls due to the dominant peer pressure factors and inadequate sex education. The education of teenage a girl is significantly affected because she must drop out of school in order to prepare and take care of her baby. Statistics shows that, the teenage pregnancy is the major reason for the young girls’ dropouts in high school. These dropouts have great negative impacts on the education potential and the bright future of the girl child. Teenage pregnancies are prone to many obstetrics complications as compared to mature women due to physiological and morphological factors. These complications demands extra healthcare attention that is very expensive, especially to the poor families. There are also serious health’s risks associated with teen pregnancies that can permanently affect the health of a teenage mother if there is no consultation of a professional obstetrician during delivery. Social stigma and stress negatively affects the self-esteem of a pregna nt teenage. When a teenage becomes pregnant, she develops fears about unplanned pregnancy, becomes frustrated, and begins to lose self-esteem and hope, as it seems to her that she has reached a premature destiny of her life. The pregnant teen has fears of disclosing her pregnancy to any one not even his boyfriend who impregnates her, because she is worried about what they will say about her pregnancy condition. She develops stigma and confusion wondering on what kind of image she will portray to his friends, family, and teachers. She contemplates on the options of either disclosing the bad news and keep her pregnancy or keep the secret and do abortion.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prevention Schools are required to develop programs and workshops that will provide opportunity to the students to develop their youth positively and become busy as idle minds are devils worksho ps. Drug abuse and pornography should not be allowed in school because it encourages early sexual activity in teens. Girls need skills on how to avoid and protect themselves against predisposing factors and situations that prove to be very dangerous to their safety. Sex education will enable girls make their informed decisions and be responsible to their own actions and consequences. Conclusion Teen pregnancy is a major problem affecting girl child education worldwide. The increased teenage pregnancy rate is due to the change in lifestyles such as availability of pornography, drug abuse, peer pressure, increased fertility, and poverty. Teenage pregnancy poses many challenges to the families and education system translating into serious socioeconomic problems in the society that need immediate attention to address. Teenagers are young and quite innocent on the consequences of teenage pregnancies, so they need proper parental and school guidance on the knowledge of sexuality and pregn ancy.

Knock the writers block - Emphasis

Knock the writers block Knock the writers block Most people have felt the curse of the dreaded writers block: that plummeting feeling of panic that takes hold as you stare hopelessly at a blank page, or at that accursed flashing cursor. If youre afflicted with this condition, youre in good company. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Ralph Ellison and F. Scott Fitzgerald are all said to have been fellow sufferers. So dont despair just read on to help release the report (or proposal, letter, webpage) within. The block explained The main reason for writers block is anxiety. And our worries may stem from several causes for example, we: dont understand the brief want our document to be just too perfect have too much information have too little information have too little time. A second reason for not being able to get going is boredom we may feel totally uninspired by the piece we have to write. Finally, and quite understandably, we might just have too much going on in our lives outside work and cant concentrate on the task in hand. The block strikes Wherever it comes from, that horrible state of blankness can be utterly debilitating. The times were most likely to have difficulty are right at the beginning and around the conclusion of our piece of work. Breaking the block Luckily, there are many ways to solve this problem. And here are some that will save your document and your sanity. Plan properly You can reduce your anxiety enormously by planning properly. To do this well, make sure you ask your line manager or reader enough questions about the brief before you begin. You may start off feeling quite confident, but this can quickly evaporate if youre not entirely sure where youre headed and why. Try drawing a spidergram: put the topic or title at the centre and make each leg an important aspect you need to cover. Ask yourself what you need to say about each of these aspects: asking yourself the who-what-why-how-where questions will help to make sure youve got it all down. Leave off the hair shirt Dont beat yourself up, itll only add to the feeling of frustration. Instead, put it in perspective and consider the readers point of view. This will take your focus away from your own fears, as well as producing a document that will be best for your intended audience. If youre just feeling a bit fed up with it all, try to remember what made you enthusiastic about your subject in the first place or why it is a worthy topic. After all, if youre bored with what you write, why should anyone else want to read it? Manage your time If your problem is procrastination, then set a time to start and stick to it. If the whole task seems huge and overwhelming, tell yourself you will just do fifteen minutes then have a break. Chopping assignments into chunks makes the whole process feel more manageable. Find out more on a writing skills course You can boost your business-writing confidence still further by attending one of our High-impact business writing courses. You can learn a surprising amount from our expert trainers in as little as one day, and become much more able and enthusiastic about your writing.

Contemporary Theories Of Knowledge Research Paper

Contemporary Theories Of Knowledge - Research Paper Example Meaning and purpose are often taken to mean the same thing but in this case, they will be taken to mean different things. Personal lives may be taken to mean an individual’s account of his/her experience but for the sake of this essay, I will take personal lives as the generalized experience of people rather than the effect on my own personal life. This is because one person’s account of existence cannot explain fully the extent to which knowledge produces meaning and purpose as some knowledge is second-hand. Knowledge for Plato is â€Å"justified true belief† (Lagemaat 24; Lemos 9; Russell, n.p). The â€Å"whole point† of knowledge as this would mean that the absolute or only point of knowledge is to produce meaning and purpose hence one has to agree or disagree with the statement but not to a certain extent. However, I will argue that knowledge produces meaning but sometimes does not produce purpose in our lives. Although knowledge influences our purpose in life, purpose can be achieved through different ways without knowledge. As stated earlier, knowledge is ‘justified true belief.† However, the concepts of truth and belief need the explanation as they are controversial concepts. According to Dunn, the truth is â€Å"things that can be justified and believed in† (n.p). It distinguishes knowledge from belief hence what we claim to know must be true, if mere belief, it is true or false (Lagemaat 24). As such, believing that something is true does not make it true. According to the correspondence theory of truth, we can know if something is true through our sense experience while for coherence theory, a proposition must match with what we know to be true. Knowledge can also be true if the majority of people believe in it (Dunn, n.p). For pragmatists, the truth is whatever is useful to us.

Cyber Security Information Technology Research Paper

Cyber Security Information Technology - Research Paper Example Their motives are divergent, with some being political while others are just for malicious purposes. This has prompted various government and security agencies to intervene in order to rescue the situation. This paper will analyze cyber security, those likely to be involved in network hacking and the role of the government in protecting infrastructures vulnerable to cyber attacks. Difference between information assurance and cyber security There is a distinct difference between information assurance and cyber security. On one hand, information assurance entails putting in place measures that protect information and information systems, which ensures their availability, reliability, non-repudiation and discretion (Westfall, 2011). The information may either be electronic or general information within an organization. While dealing with electronic information, the system must be able to address the confidentiality concerns, by either introducing passwords or physically protecting the h ardware. Likewise, the information system must be in a position to monitor all the information and direct it to the legitimate users (The national Technical Authority for Information Assurance, 2011). Broadly, information assurance aims at ensuring that information moves to the right person at the right time and place. On the other hand, cyber security involves the effort of the organization or individuals to protect valuable information through preventing, detecting and even responding to prevailing threats. In cyber security, most of the attacks are online, since the process involves the use of the internet, although physical safety is necessary due to the protection of hardware involved in the transmission of information. Some of the threats involved are more serious, although this is subject to the ability of the organization to deal with them (McDowell & Householder, 2009). There are two broad categories of cyber attacks. One is when an attacker studies the security of the syst em and develops malicious programs to destroy the servers. The other attack is the zero-day attack, in which case the attacker bombards the system even before implementing the security measures (Fujiwara, 2006). Potential hackers and their motives Hackers have varied reasons for hacking into a cyber network. It is important to note that anyone can qualify to be a hacker, as long as there is an intention to access private information without permission. The leading cyber threat involves the financial sector, in which case the hackers engage in a number of ways. The first case is account takeover whereby criminals exploit financial and online systems, taking over the functions of the account holders. The aim of this crime is to pose as the legitimate owner, as this gives the criminals access to the accounts. Eventually, the criminals transfer all the cash to their accounts or withdraw the cash for their personal use. Another group of hackers consists of those criminals who engage in t he third party payment processor breaches. In this case, hackers target large multinational companies, which have a large network of payment processors. By compromising the personal identifiable information of the employees of such companies, the hackers go ahead to seek payment or other financial benefits from the employer. Their aim is to siphon as much cash as possible before the organization realizes it is not dealing with the real employees (Snow,